intro/brain

Question 1

3 levels of neural control

Answer 1

1. Cortex
2. Subcortical structures ( brainstem, cerebellum)
3. Neuromuscular system/ sensory system

Question 2

3 phases of tissue healing

Answer 2

1. Inflammatory phase (2-4 days)- swelling, edema, redness, pain
2. Proliferation/fibroblastic repair (4-6w)- damaged tissue is replaced w new scar collagen tissue
3. Maturation phase- reestablishing tensile strength of scar tissue + collegen refining

Question 3

5 factors that effect healing/ performance

Answer 3

1. physical- serverity, poor blood supply, infection, age
2. autonomic influence- sympathetic drive may result in referal pain to other regions
3. Emotional/psychosocial influence- increase stress/ anxiety/depression
4. Preexisting conditions- orthopedic, neurological +/or sensorimotor conditions may prolong recovery
5. Motivation/adherence- requires the motivation to adhere to a rehab program

Question 4

How can HCP improve rehab outcomes

Answer 4

• holistic view
• provide positive reinforcment
• active listening/support
• patient/athlete advocacy

Question 5

how many hemishepes in each lobe

Answer 5

5

Question 6

%s of brain regions

Answer 6

cerebral cortex- 82%
cerebrellum- 10%
basal ganglia- 8%

Question 7

Frontal lobe seperated by which sulcus

Answer 7

seperated from temportal lobe by lateral sulcus

Question 8

two functions/ areas of frontal lobe

Answer 8

1. prefrontal cortex- cognition ( executive function, judgement, memory)
2. Motor areas (broadmanns area 4 + 6)

Question 9

function of brodmann area 4, what does it contain and where does it project to

Answer 9

• mediates voluntary movement of limbs in trunk

- contains bertz cells- projects to corticospinal tract

Question 10

Structures of brodmann area 6, projects to, function

Answer 10

• premotor cortex- integrates sensory info for movement planing
• supplementary motor area- part of motor loop w basal ganglia

projects to M1, brainstem, spinal cord
-planning, prep for movmt

Question 11

cingulate motor area

Answer 11

lmbic system connections (motivation, internal state of indv.)

Question 12

3 areas of parietal lobe

Answer 12

• somatosensory area- proprioception, touch, sensory localization
• superior somatosensory cortex
• Posterior perietal cortex- attn, planning movement, integration of visual info

Question 13

2 areas of visual system

Answer 13

Primary visual cortex (V1)

Visual association cortex (V2-6)

Question 14

2 streams of visual system

Answer 14

Dorsal (magnocellular)- motion, depth, temporal resolution

Ventral (parvocellular) - V3-6 - fine details, colour, spacial resolution

Question 15

where does the optic nerve decussates

Answer 15

@ the optic chiasm

Question 16

where does the optic nerve project to

Answer 16

to lateral geniculate nucleus in the brainstem to v1-6 –> dorsal + ventral streams of perception

Question 17

What is located in the temporal lobe?

Answer 17

• Primary auditory cortex superior
• Wernicke’s area (comprehension of language)
• inferior surface- associated w high order visual processing

Question 18

What are the structures in the limbic lobe and what is the function

Answer 18

• cingulate + parahippocampal gyri
• cingulate gyrus immediately superior to corpus callosum

-emotions, driven behaviours, memory

Question 19

Dienchephalon 4 divisions

Answer 19

1. thalmus
2. hypothalmus
3. epithalmus
4. subthalmus

Question 20

Thalmus location

Answer 20

protrues over the superior portion of the brainstem, borders the 3rd ventricle

Question 21

two motor loops of thamus

Answer 21

motor cortex cerebellum

motor cortex basal ganglia

Question 22

Hypothamus function

Answer 22

• controls ans

- maintains homeostasis, regulates body temp, visceral responses, some limbic function

Question 23

Conduit (relay nuclei)- functions and tracts

Answer 23

ascending- cerebelum, thalmus- crude touch and pressure, light touch and proprioception

decending-> spinal cord, trunk and limbs

Question 24

Cranial nerves: motor and sensory functin

Answer 24

sensory- olfaction, vision, hearing, taste

motor- facial ex, tounge movement, swallowing