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ANTH 452- Applied Ballistics > Intro Ballistics > Flashcards

Intro Ballistics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three compenonets of ballisitics?

A

internal, external, and terminal

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2
Q

What is the tragectory? What component does it belong to?

A

path that the bullet follows, shallow arc. External ballistics

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3
Q

Small arms vs artillery?

A

small arms, carried in hand

artillery, requires motive power

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4
Q

bore, barrel and muzzle?

A

bore- inner tube
barrel- the whole pipe
muzzle- end of gun

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5
Q

cartridge

A

single item or round or shot (shot gun)

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6
Q

what are the four components of a cartridge?

A

1) projectile
2) case or casing
3) gunpowder
4) primer

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7
Q

why bigger bottle neck casing in rifle casing?

A

more gun powder, in turn increases KE for a smaller bullet

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8
Q

what is a breech?

A

where detonation takes place. where you load the gun too

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9
Q

3 functions of a casing?

A

hold bullet
contain gunpowder
expand

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10
Q

primer

A

contains an explosive that ignites with mechanical force

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11
Q

what are the parts of a primer and what do they do?

A

the compound is crushed between the cup and the anvil. the flame goes through the flash hole and enters the gun powder

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12
Q

type types of gun powder? how do they differ

A

black and smokeless powder. smokeless has a complete conversion to gas.

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13
Q

two different diameters of shot gun pellets

A

bird and buck. 000 is called an aught

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14
Q

Slugs

A

a single shot from a shotgun. used for large game like bears or deer. fewer down range injuries because KE is lost quickly

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15
Q

hollow point allows

A

mushrooming/ bullet expansion

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16
Q

rifling in bore

A

used to cause a spin on the bullet and allow for an increase in accuracy and stability. grooves in barrel

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17
Q

shotguns and rifling

A

only if firing a slug

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18
Q

what does rifling help to prevent?

A

yawing and tumbling

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19
Q

penetrate vs perforate?

A

penetrate- entrance no exit

perforate- entrance and exit

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20
Q

intermediate targets

A

an unintentional target in the path of the bullet. cause decrease in KE and stability.

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21
Q

low, medium and high velocity classifications

A

low: <1000 ft/sec
medium: 1000-2000 ft/sec
high: > 2000 ft/sec

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22
Q

factors causing wound characteristics? (BITE-bone)

A

bullet, intermediate targets, tangential impact, pre-Exisiting fractures/ sutures etcs, and bone

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23
Q

What two of BTE-bone effect all wounds

A

bullet and bone

24
Q

What are the 6 bullet factors?

A

strength, speed, stability, shape, size, surface treatment

25
Q

calibre

A

max diameter of bullet or min diameter of bore

26
Q

gauge

A

shotgun calibre, number of lead bullets that meet diamter from 1 pound of lead

27
Q

different shapes

A

conical, wad-cutter, spitzer, hollow point

28
Q

shape of bullet before and after firing depend on what?

A

1) bullet velocity and stability,
2) bullet construction
3) non- bullet factors

29
Q

what two factors determine drag of bullet?

A

calibre and shape

30
Q

why is is good to expand at impact

A

1) increase surface area
2) it decreases KE in tissue
3) rapid slowing of bullet in tissue
4) wider permanent wound track

31
Q

Why lead?

A

heavy but soft so will deform on impact causing more damage

32
Q

fragmentation

A

good as it causes more damge, act as secondary projectiles

33
Q

richocet vs intermediate targets

A

ricochet- oblique rebound or skipping of bullet

intermediate target- unintentional target between firearm and true target

34
Q

jacketing

A

covering of the bullet in a metal, usually copper, to allow for protection on integrity from heating at high high speeds

35
Q

FMJ

A

full metal jacketing, will usually not deform

36
Q

Kinetic energy equation

A

KE= 1/2mv^2

37
Q

Theoretical vs practical increase of increasing KE

A

add more gun powder, better option is to increase mass

38
Q

High vs low KE bullets and wound severity

A

low may cause more damage as more energy is given off to the tissue

39
Q

Denser tissue

A

decreases speed and increases yaw resulting in more KE lost

40
Q

Mechanisms of tissue damage?

A

permanent and temporay (cavitation)

41
Q

intermediate target on shot gun pattern

A

target spreads out the spray sooner than expected

42
Q

tangential targets cause entrance wound looking like what?

A

keyhole pattern where nose chips off some of the ectocranial skull

43
Q

tangential targets cause exit wound looking like what?

A

key hole but everything is blown out

44
Q

What do the pre-exisiting things result in?

A

a dissipation of energy causing a smaller than expected entrance wound

45
Q

What can happen if bone is shattered by bullet?

A

it causes other secondary bone fragments that cause damage

46
Q

bullet shape and energy transfer?

A

more round the bullet, more energy that is transfered

47
Q

trabecular bone

A

theorectically because it is less dense would fracture less but false, because it is attatched to corticol bone, the bone is pulled off and causes more damage

48
Q

permantent wound track

A

direct tissue damage to the tissues in its path

49
Q

cavitation

A

indirect damage to the surround tissues of the wound track. high velocity bullets cause undulation and pulsating circumference

50
Q

cavitation is most significant at what velocity?

A

> 300 m/s

51
Q

amount of injury and size of wound correspond to?

A

direct crushing and cavitation

52
Q

cavitation is esp damaging to what kind of organs?

A

friable, fluid-filled, and rigid

53
Q

why is the brain a bad place to get shot?

A

its got a rigid shell and will essentially explode. its is fluid filled so will cause secondary fractures

54
Q

What is important when considering amount of damage caused by a bullet

A

fragmentation and intergrity of the bullet

55
Q

Why is cavitation truly destructive?

A

temporary cavitation focuses on areas weakened by fragmentation rather than being evenly spread by tissue mass.

56
Q

variations of decrease in energy loss?

A

yaw pattern
tumbling
tissue density/ elastic differences

ANTH 452- Applied Ballistics (6 decks)

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