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ANTH 452- Applied Ballistics > Applied Ballistics > Flashcards

Applied Ballistics Flashcards

1
Q

Entrance wounds have

A

endocranial bevelling

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2
Q

Exits wounds have

A

ectocranial bevelling

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3
Q

What are bone chips?

A

A small chip or chipping on an entrance point that occurs at entrance. Can be mistaken for exit wounds

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4
Q

How does double bevelling happen?

A

Hard pressure of gun pressed to a head and causes double entrance bevelling. Gas causes it. Spinning may also, or backwards release of pressure.

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5
Q

Where is double bevelling only found?

A

Entrance wounds

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6
Q

What bones wont show bevelling well or at all?

A

Thinner bones (temporals, orbital etc)

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7
Q

What gives bone some elasticity?

A

Periosteum

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8
Q

What natural bone feature can be mistaken for bevelling?

A

natural formen. They are smooth and no trabecular bone seen.

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9
Q

What are the two common exit wounds?

A

round or oval. Mostly irregular from yaw

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10
Q

What is bigger, exit or entrance?

A

Exit

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11
Q

What causes the larger exit woulds?

A

usually yawing or tunbling

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12
Q

What are the two secondary fractures?

A

radiating and concentric

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13
Q

What are the determinants of secondary skull fractures?

A

kinetic energy and distance from muzzle to target

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14
Q

What are some examples of secondary fractures being dependent on?

A

intracranial pressure, bone thickness, density, morphology, sutures formina etc

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15
Q

Bone is being ____ on impact side and _____ on opposite side

A

compressed, distracted (tension)

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16
Q

How are secondary fractures formed from bullet brain interactions?

A

emporary cavity being formed and increased pressure against endocranium. cavitation.

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17
Q

What does brain cavitation causing secondary fractures depend on?

A

range of discharge and KE of bullet.

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18
Q

Where is the most common site for secndary fracture?

A

orbital plates

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19
Q

When are secondary fractures common?

A

hard contact wounds (gun pressed to head). increase intracranial pressure bu temporary cavity

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20
Q

Distant wounds causing secondary fractures are cause by?

A

cavitation, NOT gases

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21
Q

What is the size of the temp cavity dependent on?

A

amount of KE lost by bullet and tissue shedding

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22
Q

What is created first in secondary fracturing?

A

radial then concentric

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23
Q

Speed of fracture is faster than bullet in some cases?

A

yeye dawg

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24
Q

What stress causes concenttic?

A

tension on the inner table and proceed externally. The shearing force may bevel outward

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25
Q

When the brain absorbs the bullet KE, what happens?

A

the KE blows out plates of plates of bone by the expanding of brain tissue.

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26
Q

What is refective of the amount of KE

A

More generations of concentric fractures

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27
Q

If radial fratcure beats bullet, what does the exit wound look like?

A

its like a half circle becuase it absorbs some of the KE

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28
Q

If signficant KE at exit?

A

There may be radiating fractures at the exit site that stop at the entrance concentric or radial fracture lines

29
Q

Radial fractures are longer and more generations of concentric in entrance or exit?

A

entrance

30
Q

Blunt vs ballistic?

A

blunt force bone in, ballistic force bone out. Opposite bevelling

31
Q

Tangential has what shape and at what angle?

A

keyhole «90

32
Q

Tangential may cause what

A

scuffing/scratching, gutter wounds, superficial penetrating and keyhole wounds

33
Q

What are the three gutter wounds?

A

1- barely nick the ectocranium
2- reach diploe and some fracturing
3- all three layer impacted but no brain contact. there is fratcuring and shattering

34
Q

What are superficial penetrating wounds?

A

very shallow with formal entrance and exit. common in sucide attempts

35
Q

Raised bone (fractures) on key hole is _____ to direction of travel?

A

anterior. the chip could peace

36
Q

When are irregular wound entrances found?

A

When the bullet has been deformed (either designed or by external contact etc). Yaw and tumbling. fragmentation.

37
Q

When are irregular wound exits found?

A

internal richoet, bullet deformity, tangential mpact pre existing fractures or radial fracture. sometimes if FMJ are high enough energy they will cause a huge hole

38
Q

What is a difference between secondary fracturing in long bne ans skull?

A

Long bones secondary may happen so quite on thinner bones that it shatters bone prior to exit

39
Q

What makes exit wounds in long bones unrecognizable?

A

antecedent fragmentation

40
Q

What kind of factures can be formed from a long bone bullet wound?

A

butterfly fractures

41
Q

What happens in small bones?

A

they usually shatter completely and are unrecognizable

42
Q

What type of examination may revial presence of metal?

A

radiographic exams

43
Q

Why are kid bones hard to identify exit and entrance wounds?

A

the bones are so thin

44
Q

What is a bullet wipe?

A

a coating a bullet gets by travelling through the bore of a gun froma variety of elements. Rubbed off onto skin or clothing

45
Q

What are lead wipes?

A

Lead deposits left on entrance and exits wounds

46
Q

What reduces terminal velocity?

A

long trajectory, intermediate targets, rocochet and energy dissipation in tissue

47
Q

What happens to teeth>

A

sharp-edged entance and bevelling on exits

48
Q

Alteration of entrance and exit wounds?

A

surgical intervention, incomplete recovery, animal gnawing, severe weather, close wounds impringing on each other

49
Q

Sequencing of fractures approach

A

define in order:
entrance, exit, radaiting, concentric
then trace radiating fractur line from entrance or exit to its end. follow puppes rule

50
Q

What are indirect cerebral injuries?

A

cranial injurt with no contact from energy dissipatin for a wound site (ex at petrous temporal)

51
Q

Bullet calibre and wound size? Why?

A

no direct linear relationship b/w bullet calibre and wound size
due to yawing and fragmentation, sutures etc

52
Q

Joint positioning?

A

Deduce direction of wound from allignment of injuries in jointed bones

53
Q

What is a souvenir bone?

A

Find bullet embedded in bone in a nonvital area and the person lives their life.

54
Q

to injure bone:

A

direct bullet bone contact, or indirectly through cavitation

55
Q

what is bullet lodgement?

A

where the bullet ended up

56
Q

GSWs can be

A

1) glancing off
2) fracturing
3) penetrating
4) perforating

57
Q

scalp penetration

A

scalp will impact, usually low velocity and slide a short distance

58
Q

if penetrate but not perforate skull?

A

penetrate one side but leave only a plastic change on the other side where exit would occur

59
Q

what increases liklihood of perforation

A

larger calibre and FMJ and close up and more gun powder and thinner bones

60
Q

richocet external vs internal?

A

external, outside body

internal, inside the body like on a bone

61
Q

internal skull richocet?

A

usually will hit the other side of the skull and just follow the flow of the skull perimeter

62
Q

primary and secondary fractures?

A

primary- plug and spall

secondary- radiating and concentric fracturs

63
Q

plug vs spall?

A

plu- bone directly from the nose of the bullet

spall- produces the bevelling

64
Q

High energy vs low energy

A

low energy- just plug and spall

high energy- causes the secondary fracturing

65
Q

WHat are the 4 bullet wound shapes?

A

1) round
2) oval
3) keyhole
4) irregular

66
Q

which would shapes are commonly found in entrance vs exit wounds?

A

entrance (round, oval, keyhole)

exit (oval, keyhole. irregular)

67
Q

bevel

A

a slanted or sloping edge

68
Q

why is bevelling important

A

primary indicator of bullet direction

ANTH 452- Applied Ballistics (6 decks)

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