Intro and Basics Flashcards
What does ADME stand for?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
What are the 3 common drugs used to stop seizures?
Diazepam (benzodiazepine GABA agonist)
Phenobarbatol (barbitiate - GABA channel effects)
Methocarbamol (muscle relaxant)
What drugs are used to combat CNS depression?
Analeptics (CNS stimulants)
Doxopram (respiration stimulant)
What drugs can be used to control tachycardia?
Lidocane (slows conduction rate)
Propanolol (Beta blocker)
What drugs control hypertension?
Nitroprusside (formation of NO to vasodilate)
Hydralazine (vasodilator)
What drugs can be used to induce vomiting?
Apomorphine (don’t use in cats)
Xylazine (for cats)
What toxicants contraindicate induction of emesis?
Gasoline, detergents, solvents
What does not bind to activated charcoal?
Non-polar substances: acids, alkalis, alcohols, glycols, metals, oils, detergents
What are good cathartics?
Sorbitol, mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, pumpkin, bran
What are factors relating to the toxicant?
Structure, chemical carrier, adjuvants
What are factors related to exposure?
Dose, route of entry, duration of exposure
What are factors related to the subject?
Species, size, age, health status, signalment, gender
What are factors related to the environment?
Temperature, pH, endemic bacteria/plants/insects
What is bioactivation of a toxicant?
It is when a substance needs to be metabolized in order for it to become toxic.
Within what time period is an exposure considered acute?
Within 24 hours
Within what time period is an exposure considered subacute or subchronic?
Exposure over 7-90 days
Within what time period is an exposure considered chronic?
Prolonged exposure from 6 months to a lifetime
What are some examples of acute toxcicty?
Snake envenomation, ethylene glycol toxcicity, aspirin toxcicity
What is an example of subacute/subchronic toxicities?
Exposure to lawn pesticides,
What are examples of chronic toxicities?
Lead paint, heavy metal poisoning, arsenic in well water, asbestos, second hand smoke
What 5 immediate life-threatening problems should you evaluate and treat first?
- Heart rate/ Cardiac function
- Respiratory function
- Temperature
- Seizures/Ataxia
- Hemorrage
What does “Ancillary Support” include?
Ensuring adequate urine output
Monitor respiratory, cardiac and neurological status
Manage clinical signs as they develop
Manage secondary hepatic or renal injury
Administer gastrointestinal protectants/anti-emetic
What does symptomatic care include?
Maintenance of body temperature
Pain alleviation
Protection of mucosal membranes (Sucralfate, demulcents)
What toxins increase anion gap?
Ethylene glycol Ethanol Iron Methanol Salicylates (aspirin) Strychnine
What common toxins are associated with CNS depression?
Organophosphates, Ivermectin, lead, ethylene glycol, blue-green algae, locoweed
What toxins are associated with seizures?
Bromethalins, chocolate (contains theobromine and caffine), organophosphates, pyrethrins, strychnine, Sodium ion toxicosis, water hemlock
What drugs are used to treat methemoglobin?
Ascorbic acid (Vit C antioxidant) and methylene blue
