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AI and Palpation > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

describe the repro tract of a cow

A

bicornuate, 2 ovaries, 2 oviducts, 2 horns

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2
Q

describe the exocrine function of the ovary

A

ovum production

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3
Q

describe the endocrine function of the ovary

A

hormones

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4
Q

list the 2 main hormones produced by the ovary

A
  1. estrogen (E2)

2. progesterone (P4

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5
Q

describe the function of estrogen

A

comes from the follicle, creates environment for possible fertilization

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6
Q

describe the behavioral result of estrogen

A

estrus

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7
Q

describe the physiological function of estrogen

A

sperm transport

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8
Q

what secretes progesterone?

A

the corpus luteum

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9
Q

what is the function of progesterone?

A

creates environment possible for fetal development

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10
Q

list the 3 functions of the uterus

A
  1. sperm transport: dead and alive
  2. site of gestation: development; placental attachment
  3. endocrine
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11
Q

what is the function of the cervix?

A

portection of the uterus

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12
Q

when the cervix is closed, what is its function?

A

physical barrier

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13
Q

when the cervix is open, what is its function?

A

is response to E2, mucus production to flush out any bad things

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14
Q

what is the function of the cervix during parturition?

A

birth

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15
Q

what is the function of the vagina?

A

site of semen deposition (natural mating)

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16
Q

where is semen deposited in AI?

A

uterus

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17
Q

what is the estrous cycle?

A

all physiological and behavioral changes that occur from one ovulation to the next

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18
Q

how long is the estrous cycle for cattle?

A

21 days

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19
Q

what is estrus?

A

behavioral receptivity to be bred

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20
Q

how long is estrus for cattle?

A

12 hours

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21
Q

what is an ovum?

A

an unfertilized female gamete follicle

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22
Q

when does ovulation occur in cattle?

A

12 hours after estrus

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23
Q

how long is gestation for cattle?

A

285 days

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24
Q

what are the 2 phases of the estrous cycle?

A

the follicular phase and the luteal phase

25
Q

describe the follicular phase of the estrous cycle

A

max growth of ovum and follicle, produces E2, induces estrus, follicle ruptures during ovulation

26
Q

describe the luteal phase of the estrous cycle

A

corpus luteum formed, secretes P4, PGF2a causes regression of CL, cycle starts again

27
Q

what event marks day 1 of the estrous cycle?

28
Q

what phase of the estrous cycle follows ovulation?

A

the luteal phase

29
Q

what structure releases what hormone in the luteal phase?

A

the corpus luteum produces progesterone (P4)

30
Q

are E2 levels high or low during the luteal phase?

31
Q

what event triggers the end of the luteal phase and the beginning of the follicular phase?

A

luteolysis

32
Q

what hormone is hugh during the follicular phase?

A

estrogen (E2)

33
Q

what hormone stimulates follicle growth and, in conjunction with LH, E2 production?

34
Q

what is the role of PGF2a?

A

regression of corpus luteum if animal not pregnant

35
Q

what is the role of P4?

A

prepares repro tract for gestation

36
Q

what is the role of E2?

A

prepares repro tract for fertilization

37
Q

what is the role of LH? (3)

A
  1. ovulation
  2. maintains CL when P4 is high
  3. E2 production (with FSH)
38
Q

what is the role of FSH? (2)

A
  1. follicle growth

2. E2 production (with LH)

39
Q

what behavioral characteristics take place 6-10 hours before standing estrus? (6)

A
  1. animal will not stand to be ridden
  2. vocal
  3. nervous and restless
  4. smells other cows
  5. attempts to ride other cows
  6. vulva moist, red, and slightly swollen
40
Q

what behavioral characteristics occur during standing estrus?

A
  1. stands to be ridden
  2. congregates
  3. rides other cows in standing estrus
  4. vulva moist, red, and slightly swollen
  5. clear mucous discharge
41
Q

how long does standing estrus last? what is the average?

A

6-24 hours, average is 12 hours

42
Q

what behavioral characteristics occur up to 10 hours after standing estrus? (2)

A
  1. animal will not stand to be ridden

2. clear mucous discharge

43
Q

what behavioral characteristics occur 1-3 days after standing estrus? (2)

A
  1. animal will not stand to be ridden

2. bloody mucous discharge

44
Q

in terms of estrus synchronization protocols, what is a CSU and how long does it last?

A

full estrous synchronization protocol, 5 day estrus detection

45
Q

with 24hour/day monitoring, what percentage of estrus can be detected with CSU?

46
Q

with twice a day for 30 minutes each time monitoring, what percentage of estrus can be detected?

47
Q

where is PSU estrus detection found?

48
Q

with PSU detection, what percentage of estrus is detected? what percentage is misidentified as being in estrus?

A

less than 50% estrus detected, and 30% false positive

49
Q

what is the conception rate of breeding?

A

70% chance of conception/breeding

50
Q

what is the percentage of embryonic mortality in breeding?

51
Q

what is the percentage of failure in sperm transport/fertilization?

52
Q

list 5 types of estrus detection aids

A
  1. records
  2. temp
  3. pedometers
  4. tail head
  5. progesterone assays
53
Q

how much will body temperature change when an animal is in standing estrus?

A

as little as one-tenth of a degree

54
Q

is temperature a good estrus detection aid? why or why not?

A

varies so little, need extremely accurate thermometer and timing

55
Q

how does a pedometer aid in estrus detection?

A

detects increased movement as an animal comes into estrus

56
Q

list and describe the 4 types of estrus detection aids involving the tail head

A
  1. hair: disturbed from others mounting
  2. chalk: if smudged, she was mounted
  3. patches: pressure sensors to detect mounting
  4. electronics: more pressure sensors
57
Q

describe the role of progesterone assays in estrus detection aid

A

reduces misidentification, reveals accuracy of estru detection by showing when an animal is NOT is estrus

58
Q

list and describe 6 other things that play a role in estrus detection efficiency

A
  1. frequency: more often= more accurate
  2. time of day: animals busier at dawn and dusk and when it’s not too hot
  3. environment temperature: too hot=upset cows due to rumen heat = less activity
  4. milking: don’t check as much when milking, as cows are worried about other things
  5. location-footing: slippery= cows move less
  6. novelty- animal and/or location: mixing animals = everyone excited

AI and Palpation (4 decks)

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