Intro

Question 1

What are the 4 curves of the spine?

Answer 1

1. Cervical lordosis
2. Thoracic kyphosis
3. Lumbar lordosis
4. Sacral lordosis

Question 2

What does the neural crest form?

Answer 2

PNS, pia mater, spinal ganglia, sympathetic trunk

Question 3

What does the neural tube form?

Answer 3

Spinal cord

Question 4

What does the notochord form?

Answer 4

Anterior vertebral bodies + nucleus pulposus

Question 5

What are the different parts of a typical vertebra?

Answer 5

• Body: centrum

- Arch: 2 pedicles, 2 laminae, spinous process, transverse process + vertebral foramen

Question 6

What does primary ossification involve?

Answer 6

• Centrum and 2 halves of arch form from mesoderm in utero by 14th week
• Fuses age 6-8

Question 7

What does secondary ossification involve?

Answer 7

• Epiphyseal ring apophyses
• Tips of spinous + transverse processes
• Tips of articular processes
• Lumbar maxillary processes ossify at puberty
• Fuse by 25

Question 8

When does horizontal growth take place?

Answer 8

• Periosteal ossification

- First 7 years

Question 9

When does vertical growth take place?

Answer 9

• Superior + inferior growth plates

- First 5 years

Question 10

Which cervical vertebra is atypical?

Answer 10

C7

Question 11

What is the C1 bony ring filled by?

Answer 11

1/3 dens (odontoid peg)
1/3 cord
1/3 space

Question 12

What passes through the transverse foramen and what is the exception to this?

Answer 12

Vertebral artery

@ C7 VEIN passes NOT ARTERY

Question 13

What are the superficial muscles of the neck?

Answer 13

SCM + trapezius

Question 14

Where does the external jugular cross?

Answer 14

Crosses SCM

Belongs to Draculas vein

Question 15

What does the superior laryngeal nerve supply?

Answer 15

Cricothryoid

Pitch

Question 16

What does the RLN supply?

Answer 16

ALL except circothryoid = SLN

Question 17

What are the landmarks for central line insertion?

Answer 17

Midpoint SCM or between heads of SCM line

Question 18

What is horners syndrome characterised by?

Answer 18

Miosis
Partial Ptosis
Anhidrosis

Question 19

Where does the spinal root of accessory nerve cross?

Answer 19

C1 transverse process

Question 20

Where do the common carotid arteries bifurcate?

Answer 20

C4

Question 21

What is the function of the thoracic spine?

Answer 21

Mostly rotation

Does not move to protect lungs + heart

Question 22

What effect does breaking lots of ribs have on breathing?

Answer 22

Paradoxical movement

VQ mismatch

Question 23

What is the function of the lumbar spine?

Answer 23

Flexion/extension

Minimal lateral

Question 24

Which muscles stabilise core trunk?

Answer 24

Psoas

Question 25

What are the superficial muscles of back?

Answer 25

Erector spinae:
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

Question 26

What are the intermediate muscles of the back?

Answer 26

Transverospinales:
Semispinalis
Levator costarum
Miltifidus

Question 27

What are the deep muscles of the back?

Answer 27

Interspinalis
Intertransversalis
Rotatores

Question 28

What are the covering muscles of the back?

Answer 28

Splenius capitis 
Serratus posterior superior 
Rhomboid minor 
Rhomboid major 
Serratus posterior inferior 
Trapezius 
Laterally - later and see ar 
Anteriorly - psoas, quadrates lumborum, abdominal muscles

Question 29

Where does the multifidus originate and insert?

Answer 29

Powerful stabaliser
Originates from spinour process
Inserts on mammillary process on 1 level below

Question 30

What is the function of intervertebral discs?

Answer 30

Shock absorber between vertebra

Question 31

What are the biomechanics of the anterior column?

Answer 31

Compression

80% load

Question 32

What are the biomechanics of the posterior column?

Answer 32

Tension

20% load