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Counselling > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is counselling psychology?

A
  • a specialization within psychology
  • use psych. principles to enhance growth, well being, mental health
  • brings a collab., developmental, multicultural perspective to practice
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2
Q

What is Guidance?

Difference between guidance & counselling?

A
  • process of helping people make important CHOICES that affect their lives
  • guidance: helps individuals CHOOSE what they value most
  • counselling: make change
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3
Q

What is Pschotherapy?

A
  • focus on serious issues; reconstructive change; CHARACTER REORGANIZATION
  • Emphasis:
    a. past more than present
    b. insight more than change
    c. detachment of the therapist
    d. therapists’ role as an expert
  • long term: 20-40 sessions over 6m-2yrs
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4
Q

What is counselling?

A 
- use of relationships to facilitate self-knowledge, emotional acceptance & growth; CHANGE
Emphasis:
a. development issues
b. overcoming specific problems
c. coping
d. improving relationships
e. overcoming feeling associated with inner conflicts
- here & now; short term,
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5
Q

The Counselling Psychology discipline includes:

A
  1. broad practice & research focus
  2. promoting wellness
  3. collaborative research & practice
  4. overlapping with other specialties
  5. prevention
  6. advocacy
  7. multicultural approach
  8. adherence to core values: holistic & client centered focus; own ability to make personal changes; sensitivity to diversity/multiculturalism
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6
Q

The counselling psychology contains implicit/explicit points

A
  • counselling deals with wellness, personal growth, career and pathological concerns
  • conducted with persons who are considered to be functioning well and those who are having mores serious problems
  • theory based
  • process that may be developmental or intervening
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7
Q

History

Before 1900

A
  • counseling = advice/info
  • developed during Industrial rev. to improve lives of people
  • Focus: teach about self, others, & world of work (Canada- child & youth counselling)
  • Freud”s psychodynamic approach dominated the helping profession
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8
Q

History

1900-1909

A
  • Mental Health Movement & Vocational Guidance Movement
  • Frank Parsons
  • Clifford Beers
  • Clarence Hicks
  • Jessie B. Davis
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9
Q 
History
1910s-1940s
- Smith Hughes Act
- World War One
- Great Depression
- World War Two
A
  • Smith Hughes Act (1917): provided schools with funding to support vocational ed. ((+) growth in counselling profession)
  • WW1: Psychological instruments used when employing testing & placement practices for military personal; psychometrics
  • Great D: strategies/counsel related to employement
  • WW2: Psychological instruments - test construction for selecting/classifying military personnel; CPA (1939)
  • Edward Thorndike; John Brewer; Carl Rogers; E.G. Williamson
  • CAN. Vocational Counsel. replaced teachers in areas of testing & counsel
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10
Q

Frank Parson’s

A

“father of guidance”
Focus: growth & prevention
- worked with young people who were in the process of making career decisions
- vocational guidance based on rationality & reason (knowledge of work; self; matching of the 2 through “true reasoning”)

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11
Q

Clifford Beers

A
  • hospitalized for depression
  • exposed mental health facilities = advocate for better mental health facilities
  • influence psychiatry and clinical psych = “counselling” –> means of helping people adjust to self & society
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12
Q

Clarence Hicks

A
  • experienced mental health problems

- worked with Beers on Mental Hygiene –> Canadian Mental Health Association

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13
Q

Jesse B. Davis

A
  • youth guidance on a group level

- vocational guidance is about teaching people how to live a good life - moral vocational guidance

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14
Q

Psychometrics

  • positive
  • negative
A

+ gave vocational guidance specialists a stronger and more “scientific” identity
- distraction from examining developments in other behavioral sciences (social, athro, bio)

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15
Q

Edward Thorndike

A
  • challenged vocational orientation of the guidance movement
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16
Q

John Brewer

A
  • Every teacher be a counselor and guidance be a part of curriculum
  • prepare students to live outside school environment
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17
Q

Carl Rogers

A
  • challenged the counselor-centered approach
  • importance of the client and a non-directed approach to counseling
  • clients responsible for their own growth = more genuine & know self better
  • professional helper: non-judgemental & accepting; mirror
18
Q

E.G. Williamson

A
  • first theory of counselling

- directive counselor focus- identify deficits and prescribe corrective activities

19
Q

History

1950s-1990s

A
  • Decrease in vocational guidance/increase in personal counselling
  • Canadian Guidance Counsellors Association
  • Division 17 Counseling Psych. formed with APA
20
Q

1970

A
  • counselling outside ed. institutions

- development of helping skills programs - relationship & communication skills

21
Q

1980

A
  • standardized tests & 8 areas to be knowledgeable in
22
Q

1990s

A
  • multicultural counselling,
  • more awareness with social factors (mental disorders, maintenance & development- spirituality, family, env., SES impact
23
Q

Trends in Counseling Psych

A
  • regulation of professional counseling
  • trauma and crisis
  • promoting wellness
  • social justice and diversity
  • growth of leadership
  • feminization of counseling psych.
24
Q

What is positive psych?

A
  • strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
  • 3 central concerns:
    positive emotions, positive individual traits, positive intuitions
25
Q

What counselling is NOT

A 
- Talking to someone like a friend
 Giving advice (guidance)
 Solving other’s problems
 Creating major personality change
 Prescriptive
 Focusing on the intrapsychic (unconscious)
26
Q

The Nature & Uniqueness of the

Counselling Relationship

A

 Counselling involves a unique, interpersonal relationship between two experts: client & counsellor
 Interventions & interactions are based on theory
 It is guided by ethical and professional standards
 Counsellors take into consideration the client’s socio-cultural and political circumstances
 Counsellors refrain from advice-giving or guidance to promote client self-sufficiency/independence

27
Q

How does professional helper differ from a helper?

A
  • science

- intentionality

28
Q

Typical Concerns

A 
 Depression
 Anxiety
 Relationship Difficulties
 Family Difficulties
 Trauma Experiences
 Educational/Learning Difficulties
 Grief and Bereavement
 Adjustment Issues and Life Transition Issues
 Substance and Process Addictions
29
Q

What Professionals Do This Work in

Canada?

A

 Psychologists
 Psychiatrists
 Social Workers
 Professional Counsellors

30
Q

Effective Treatment Providers

A

Effective therapists are individuals who have a combination of PERSONAL QUALITIES that lend itself to their work with others, EDUCATION and training in helping and who USE THEORIES and systems of
counselling to guide their work

31
Q

Qualities/Characteristics of
Effective Therapists

  • monitor own biases
  • empathetic
  • movement is timed
  • energy
  • flexible
A

 Personal Qualities
 Curiosity about people and their experiences
 Capacity to listen & self reflect
 High degrees of empathy and compassion
 Emotional maturity and insightfulness
 Psychological health
 Capacity to set their needs aside
 Emotional/Relational/Intellectual categories of qualities
 Characteristics
 Stability, harmony, constancy and purposefulness

32
Q

Master Therapists” Skovolt (1999)

A 
 Voracious learners
 Draw from experience
 Value cognitive complexity
 Emotionally open
 Non-Defensive
 Mentally healthy/mature
 Attentive to their own
emotional well being
 Strong relationship skills and
are expert in using those skills
in therapy
 Believe that the foundation for
change is the working alliance
33
Q

Occupational Hazards…

A

 Providing therapy can be difficult and exhausting
(BURNOUT/VICARIOUS TRAUMA)
 Being affected by this work is to some degree inevitable
 How people are affected is influenced by a variety of factors
 Beyond the work itself we all will go through our own
difficulties which may make our work more challenging
 Distress is unavoidable but left unaddressed can lead to
professional impairment
 Counsellors are expected to know when your functioning is impaired and are ethically bound to look after oneself

34
Q

Attribution

*

A

Attribution - attributes teh cause of the clients problem
 Medical Model: no responsibility - clients may become dependent
 Moral Model: responsible for doing/solving - may be victims of circumstances
 Compensatory Model: solving problems +partnership to solve - client may feel undue pressure @ having to continueally slove probelms didn’t create
 Enlightenment Model: responsible for causing + feel relief - dependent,

35
Q

What are the levels of helping

A
  1. nonprofessional helper
  2. generalist human service worker
  3. professional helper
36
Q

negative motivators for becoming a counselor

A
  • emotional distress
  • vicarious coping
  • loneliness and isolation
  • desire for power
  • need for love
  • vicarious rebellion
37
Q

how to avoid burnout

A
  • set aside free private time
  • stress decreasing exercises
  • associate with healthy individuals
38
Q

System of Counselling

**

A

Systems of Counselling - set of ideas how to approach client
 Developmental/Wellness: sequence of development/own resources to solve problems - Solution Focused Theory: SIT- help understand problem, acquire skills to cope
 Medical Pathological Model: base treatment plans in accordance with the DSM
 DSM IV (and V!): manual of mental disorders

39
Q

DSM

A

Axis 1: focus of clinical attention

  1. diagnostic info only on personal disorders
  2. general medical condition
  3. psychosocial and environment problems that may affect diagnosis, treatment & prognosis
  4. global assessment of relational functioning on a scale of 0-100
40
Q

pros and cons to DSM

A
  • frames mental disorders as dispositions
  • discrimination, poverty is lost in DSM
  • only diagnosis of individual diagnosis. limited value to groups, family counsel
    + logically organized, good network
    + universally used
    + recognized mental distress paterns
    + establishes credibility
41
Q

STIPS

A
  • signsand symptoms
  • topics discussed in counselling
  • counselling interventions used
  • clients progress and counselor continuing plan for treatment
  • any special issues of importance
42
Q

Realities

A
  • several theoretical models of supervision
  • ## developmental level of supervisior must be verified before productive supervisory

Counselling (4 decks)

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