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CRG RUSVM Immunology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

Immunology is a branch of biomedical science concerned with the responses of organisms to immunogenic (antigen) challenges, the recognition of self from non-self, and all the biological (in vivo), serological (in vitro), physical, and chemical aspects of the immune phenomena

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2
Q

where do all cells of the immune system originate from

A

Hematopoietic cell

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3
Q

what are the two lineages that come from the hematopoietic cells?

A

Myeloid, Lymphoid

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4
Q

what are the two arms of immune defense

A
  • innate immunity

- Adaptive immunity

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5
Q

what kind of immune response is generated by the innate immune system

A

nonspecific defense

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6
Q

what kind of immune response is generated from the adaptive immunity

A

specific defense

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7
Q

which lines of the immune system make up the nonspecific immune response

A

1st and second line

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8
Q

which lines of defenses makes up the specific defense

A

3rd

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9
Q

what does the first line of defense consist of?

A
  • skin
  • mucous
  • membranes
  • chemicals
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10
Q

what is the second line of defense made up of

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • complement
  • interferon
  • inflammation
  • fever
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11
Q

what is the third line of defense made up of

A
  • lymphocytes

- antibodies

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12
Q

what type of cells are granulocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

-a sub group of white blood cells

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13
Q

what makes granulocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes different from other white blood cells/

A

they are characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules

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14
Q

where are granulocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes produced

A

they are produced in the bone marrow

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15
Q

what part of the immune system do the granulocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes make up

A

–innate immunity: first response

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16
Q

how are the cells of the innate immunity/first response classified as

A
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • neutrophils
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17
Q

How does H and E staining effect the naming/classification

A

they are named as such because of their distinct staining characteristics using H and E histological preparations

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18
Q

how can you distinguish Basophils when looking at them under a microscope

A

-The granules in the basophils stain dark blue

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19
Q

what are basophils used for

A
  • important for host defense against parasites

- may be involved in allergic inflammatory reactions

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20
Q

what are the granules in basophils and how are they used?

A

-Basophils contain toxic granules which are used to destroy pathogens during the process of phagocytosis

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21
Q

what is the relation between basophils and adhesion molecules

A

-basophils express several adhesion molecules which play a critical role in their circulation

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22
Q

which adhesion molecules do basophils express?

A
  • LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18)
  • Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)
  • CD44
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23
Q

how do eosinophils stain when looking at them under a microscope

A

-Eosinophils stain bright red

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24
Q

_______ differentiate from myeloid precursor cells in response to ____, ____, and ______

A

Eosinophils differentiate from myeloid precursor cells in response to IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF

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25
Q

what do eosinophils react to?

A

chemokines

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26
Q

which chemokines do eosinophils respond to

A
  • CCL5/RANTES
  • CCL11/eotaxin-1
  • CCL24/eotaxin-2
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27
Q

which cells secrete

  • CCL5/RANTES
  • CCL11/eotaxin-1
  • CCL24/eotaxin-2
A
  • neutrophils

- lymphocytes

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28
Q

how do recruited eosinophils respond

A

-they release the toxic substances contained in their granules to destroy pathogens and fight infection

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29
Q

how do neutrophils stain in microscopes

A

-the neutrophilic components in neutrophils stain a neutral pink

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30
Q

which cells are the most numerous innate immune cells?

A
  • Neutrophils

- 50-70% of all white blood cells

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31
Q

what is characteristic of immature neutrophils?

A

a distinct band-shaped nucleus

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32
Q

how does the band shaped nucleus of immature neutrophils change

A

-it changes into a segmented nucleus following maturation

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33
Q

where in the body are neutrophils located

A
  • they circulate in the bloodstream
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34
Q

what is the function of neutrophils in the blood stream

A

-look for foreign objects to phagocytose and degrade

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35
Q

how is the number of circulating neutrophils estimated?

A

using the absolute neutrophil count

-(ANC)

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36
Q

why might an ANC be high (neutrophilia)

A

-kidney failure or bacterial infection

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37
Q

what may be the cause of low number of neutrophils (neutropenia)

A

-leukemia or bone marrow damage

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38
Q

what is the risk associated with neutropenia

A

an increased risk of infection

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39
Q

how can granulocytes be identified in their immature state

A

expression of CD16, CD34

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40
Q

how can granulocytes be identified in their active state?

A

expression of CD11b/CD18

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41
Q

Activated basophils can be identified by

A
  • CD13/Aminopeptidase N
  • CD107a/LAMP1
  • CD164
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42
Q

Activated eosinophils can be identified by

A
  • CD44
  • CD69
  • IL-5
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43
Q

Activated neutrophils can be identified by

A
  • CD16

- L-selectin (CD62L)

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44
Q

where are mast cells generated?

A

in the bone marrow

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45
Q

what are mast cells similar to?

A

basophilic leukocytes

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46
Q

what do mast cells and basophilic leukocytes have in common

A

-CD34+ precursor cells

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47
Q

what are the two types of mast cells

A
  • connective tissue mast cells

- Mucosal mast cells

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48
Q

what are connective tissue mast cells responsible for

A

-local allergic reaction

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49
Q

what are mucosal mast cells responsible for

A
  • they are found in areas of the body that are exposed to the external environment
  • (I.E. lung mucosa, digestive tract, mouth and nose)
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50
Q

what is the activated function of mast cells

A

-release of granules containing histamine and active agents

51
Q

what are mast cells important for

A

defense against parasites

52
Q

what can mast cells found in tissues be used for

A

-mediate allergic reactions by releasing inflammatory mediators like histamine

53
Q

where are monocytes/macrophages found

A

-they are found in the blood stream and in tissues

54
Q

how do monocytes circulate through the body

A

-they circulate in the peripheral blood befor entering tissue to replenish tissue specific macrophage populations
(osteoclasts, microglia, histiocytes, Kupffer cells)

55
Q

What are macrophages named for

A
  • Greek: Big eater

- named for their ability to ingest and degrade bacteria

56
Q

upon activation, _______ and ______ coordinate an immune response by notifying other immune cells of existing infection

A

upon activation, Monocytes and Macrophages coordinate an immune response by notifying other immune cells of existing infection

57
Q

what is the macrophages interaction with lymphocytes

A

-macrophages can present antigens to lymphocytes

58
Q

what is the important non immune function of macrophages?

A

-recycling dead cells such as red blood cells

59
Q

what is another name for these non immune functions of macrophages

A

-Housekeeping functions

60
Q

do these house keeping functions need the immune system to be activated

A

no the housekeeping functions occur without activation of the immune response

61
Q

______ are innate immune cells

A

-Natural killer cells are innate immune cells

62
Q

can NK cells have featrures of both innate and adaptive immunity?

A

yes some subpopulations of NK cells have features of both innate and adaptive immunity (I.E. NKT cells)

63
Q

What is the primary function of Natural killer cells

A

-they recognize and kill virus-infected cells or tumor cells

64
Q

how do NK cells function

A

they contain granules, which are filled with proteins that can form holes in the target cell and also cause apoptosis

65
Q

apoptosis:

A

programmed cell death

66
Q

what is the other function of NK cells other than their function as cytolytic effectors

A

-they are also regulators of immune response

67
Q

what are Dendritic cells

A

-specialized sentinel cells

68
Q

where do DC cells interact with antigens

A

-the specialized sentinel cells constantly sense and respond to their immediate environment

69
Q

where are DC cells derived from

A

all DC are hematopoietic bone marrow derived cells

70
Q

where do DC cells mature

A
  • the bone marrow
  • lymphoid tissue
  • non-lymphoid tissue
71
Q

what is the primary function of DC cells?

A

-DCs capture, process, and present antigens to T cells and thus are crucial for bridging innate and adaptive immunity as well as promoting sel-tolerance

72
Q

what are DC cells function after exposure and uptake of pathogens

A

-Maturing DC travel to secondary lymphoid organs where they become potent T cell activators

73
Q

DCs are classified as

A
  • classical/conventional dendritic cells (cDCs)

- Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs)

74
Q

pDCs have the ability to secrete large amounts of ________ upon activation through TLR7 and TLR9

A

-type 1 interferons

75
Q

what part of the immunity are lymphocytes B lymphocytes (b cells) part of

A

-are an essential component of the humoral immune response (adaptive immunity)

76
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

B cells mature in the bone marrow

77
Q

where do b cells mature in avian species

A

-In birds b cells mature in the bursa of fabricius

78
Q

When are B cells activated?

A

when they bind antigens through their receptors (BCR)

79
Q

What are B cells responsible for?

A

B cells are responsible for generating antibodies to specific antigens

80
Q

how do antibodies interact with pathogens

A

-antibodies coat the surface of a pathogen

81
Q

what three roles do antibodies serve

A
  • neutralization
  • opsonization
  • complement activation
82
Q

Neutralization:

A

occurs when the pathogen is covered in antibodies and cannot further infect host cells

83
Q

Opsonization:

A

an antibody-boud pathogen serves to alert immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, to engulf and digest the pathogen

84
Q

Complement activation:

A

is a process for directly destroying or lysing pathogens

85
Q

can complement components act as opsonins?

A

yes they can opsonize pathogens

86
Q

what is another name for t cells

A

t lymphocytes

87
Q

which antigen specific receptor do T cells express

A

TCR

88
Q

what is the precursor to T cells (lymphocytes)

A

thymocytes

89
Q

thymocytes develop from:

A

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

90
Q

where do thymocytes move to to mature

A

the thymocytes move to the thymus to mature

91
Q

While in the thymas what happens to ensure the maturation results in a functional t cell

A
  • stages of selection

- Quality control

92
Q

T cells are an essential component of the___________

A

-cellular immune response

93
Q

which two groups are t cells divided into

A
  • CD8+

- CD4+

94
Q

how are t cells differentiated into CD8+ and CD4+ cells

A

-it is based on which co-receptor protein is present on the cell surface

95
Q

CD8+ T cells AKA

A
  • cytotoxic T cells

- cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

96
Q

What is the function of CD8+ cells

A

they recognize and kill infected or cancer cells

97
Q

How do CTLs kill target cells

A

CTLs have cytotoxic granules, containing cytotoxins that kill target cells

98
Q

what are the 4 major CD4+ T cell subsets

A
  • TH1
  • TH2
  • TH17
  • T regulatory cells
99
Q

TH refers to:

A

T helper cells

100
Q

What is the function of Th1 cells

A

-coordinate immune responses against intracellular pathogens

101
Q

what does Th1 cells secret and what is the function of those secretions

A

-Th1 cells secrete molecules (cytokines) that alert and activate other immune cells, like bacteria-ingesting macrophages

102
Q

Th2 cells coordinate immune response against:

A 
extracellular pathogens
(I.E. helminths)
103
Q

how do Th2 cells coordinate immune responses against extracellular pathogens

A

-by alerting B cells, granulocytes, and mast cells

104
Q

What ar Th17 cells named for

A

Th17 cells are named for their ability to produce interleukin 17

105
Q

Interleukin 17 (IL-17) function

A

-functions as a signalling molecule that activates immune and noon immune cells

106
Q

Th17 cells function

A

-to protect surface (skin, gut) against extracellular bacteria (recruitment of neutrophils)

107
Q

Tregs: or Regulatory T cells: function

A

monitor and inhibit the activity of other T cells

108
Q

how do immune cells communicate

A

through cell to cell contact or secreted signalling molecules

109
Q

what is fundamental for cellular communication

A
  • Receptors

- ligands

110
Q

what are receptors

A

-protein structures

may be expressed on the surface or intracellular compartments of cells

111
Q

Ligands:

A

are the molecules that activate receptors

112
Q

are ligands free floating or membrane bound?

A

both

113
Q

how would altering the expression and density of various receptors and ligands affect the immune response

A

-this allows the immune cells to dispatch specific instructions tailored to the situation at hand

114
Q

what is the function of cytokines

A

-small proteins with diverse function such as cell growth, activation etc

115
Q

where can toll-like receptors be found

A

innate immune cells such as:

  • macrophages
  • DC
116
Q

what is the function of TLRs

A

TLRs recognize general microbial patterns and they are essential for innate immune cell activation and inflammatory response

117
Q

B cell receptors (BCRs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) location/function

A
  • expressed on b cells and t cells respectively

- Function: they recognize foreign antigens

118
Q

MHC:

A

Major histocompatibility complex

119
Q

MHC function

A

as carriers to present antigens on cell surfaces

120
Q

MHC proteins also signal

A

whether a cell is a host cell or a foreign cell

121
Q

Complement are:

A

a series of proteins found in the blood

122
Q

the complement functions to

A

literally punches small holes into the pathogen, creating leaks that lead to cell death

123
Q

Complement proteins also serve as signalling molecules that:

A
  • alert immune cells

- recruit immune cells to inflammatory sites

CRG RUSVM Immunology (8 decks)

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