Intro

Question 1

Diagnosis

Answer 1

Clinical Signs, History, Possible Exposure routes, Differential Diagnosis

Question 2

Treatment

Answer 2

Decontamination (bathing, eye flush, induction of emesis), gastric lavage (possible endoscopy/surgery), activated charcoal, antidotes, fluid therapy, ILE therapy (intravenous lipid emulsion), symptomatic treatment, supportive care while monitoring patient.

Question 3

Similarities Between Pharm and Tox

Answer 3

• Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs (the dose is the difference
• Drugs and poisons are xenobiotics (foreign chemical that the body does not produce

Question 4

Poison (toxicant)

Answer 4

Any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) which, when applied or introduced into the body, may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal

Question 5

Sources of Poison

Answer 5

Natural

• Plant
• Animal
• Mineral
• Fungi or Bacteria

Synthetic (organophosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organic herbicides)

Question 6

Toxin (biotoxin)

Answer 6

A poison from a biologic process (e.g. zootoxins or animal toxins, phytotoxins or plant toxins, bacterial toxins and mycotoxins)

Question 7

Toxic

Answer 7

Is used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of poisons

Question 8

Toxicosis (poisoning or intoxication)

Answer 8

The disease caused by exposure to a poison

Question 9

Toxicity

Answer 9

• Is the amount of a poison that under certain circumstances will cause toxic effects
• In mammals is usually expressed as LD50 (lethal dose fifty) in mg/kg body weight
• In birds is expressed as LC50 (lethal concentration fifty) in mg/kg feed and in fish as LC50 in mg/liter water

Question 10

Extremely Toxic

Answer 10

1 mg/kg or less

Question 11

Highly Toxic

Answer 11

> 1-50 mg/kg

Question 12

Moderately Toxic

Answer 12

> 50-500 mg/kg

Question 13

Slightly Toxic

Answer 13

> 0.5 - 5 g/kg

Question 14

Practically nontoxic

Answer 14

> 5-15 g/kg

Question 15

Relatively Harmless

Answer 15

> 15 g/kg

Question 16

Acute Toxicity

Answer 16

Is the effect of a single dose of multiple doses during a 24 hour period

Question 17

Subacute Toxicity

Answer 17

The effect produced by daily exposure from 1 day to 30 days

Question 18

Subchronic Toxicity

Answer 18

The effect of exposure from 30 days to 90 days

Question 19

Chronic Toxicity

Answer 19

The effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months or more

Question 20

Chronicity Factor

Answer 20

Is the ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50

Question 21

Factors that influence Toxicity values

Answer 21

species, breed, individual, sex, age, dosage of a poison, duration of exposure, etc.

Question 22

True or False: Compounds with cumulative effects have a low chronicity factor

Answer 22

False - They have a high chronicity factor

Question 23

True or False: A chronicity factor greater than 2.0 indicates a relatively cumulative toxicant

Answer 23

True

Question 24

The highest non toxic dose (HNTD)

Answer 24

The highest or largest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations (clinical, hematologic, biochemical, or pathologic alterations)

Question 25

Maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose (MTD)

Answer 25

similar to the highest nontoxic dose

Question 26

The toxic dose low (TDL)

Answer 26

The lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death

Question 27

The toxic high dose (TDH)

Answer 27

The dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will result in death

Question 28

No-effect level (maximum non toxic level)

Answer 28

The amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness, or toxic alterations in any of the animals for the stated period (usually 90 days to two years or more depending on the species)

Question 29

The Lethal Dose

Answer 29

The dose that causes death in any animal during the period of observation

Question 30

LD0

Answer 30

The highest dose that does not cause any death

Question 31

LD50

Answer 31

The dose that kills 50% of animals in the group

Question 32

LD100

Answer 32

The lowest dose that kills all the animals in a group

Question 33

Hazard (risk)

Answer 33

The danger from the possibility of exposure

Question 34

True or False: A poison may be highly toxic but not hazardous

Answer 34

True

Question 35

The ratio between toxicity and use level

Answer 35

Risk Factor