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Tox > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnosis

A

Clinical Signs, History, Possible Exposure routes, Differential Diagnosis

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2
Q

Treatment

A

Decontamination (bathing, eye flush, induction of emesis), gastric lavage (possible endoscopy/surgery), activated charcoal, antidotes, fluid therapy, ILE therapy (intravenous lipid emulsion), symptomatic treatment, supportive care while monitoring patient.

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3
Q

Similarities Between Pharm and Tox

A
  • Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs (the dose is the difference
  • Drugs and poisons are xenobiotics (foreign chemical that the body does not produce
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4
Q

Poison (toxicant)

A

Any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) which, when applied or introduced into the body, may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal

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5
Q

Sources of Poison

A

Natural

  • Plant
  • Animal
  • Mineral
  • Fungi or Bacteria

Synthetic (organophosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organic herbicides)

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6
Q

Toxin (biotoxin)

A

A poison from a biologic process (e.g. zootoxins or animal toxins, phytotoxins or plant toxins, bacterial toxins and mycotoxins)

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7
Q

Toxic

A

Is used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of poisons

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8
Q

Toxicosis (poisoning or intoxication)

A

The disease caused by exposure to a poison

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9
Q

Toxicity

A
  • Is the amount of a poison that under certain circumstances will cause toxic effects
  • In mammals is usually expressed as LD50 (lethal dose fifty) in mg/kg body weight
  • In birds is expressed as LC50 (lethal concentration fifty) in mg/kg feed and in fish as LC50 in mg/liter water
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10
Q

Extremely Toxic

A

1 mg/kg or less

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11
Q

Highly Toxic

A

> 1-50 mg/kg

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12
Q

Moderately Toxic

A

> 50-500 mg/kg

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13
Q

Slightly Toxic

A

> 0.5 - 5 g/kg

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14
Q

Practically nontoxic

A

> 5-15 g/kg

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15
Q

Relatively Harmless

A

> 15 g/kg

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16
Q

Acute Toxicity

A

Is the effect of a single dose of multiple doses during a 24 hour period

17
Q

Subacute Toxicity

A

The effect produced by daily exposure from 1 day to 30 days

18
Q

Subchronic Toxicity

A

The effect of exposure from 30 days to 90 days

19
Q

Chronic Toxicity

A

The effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months or more

20
Q

Chronicity Factor

A

Is the ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50

21
Q

Factors that influence Toxicity values

A

species, breed, individual, sex, age, dosage of a poison, duration of exposure, etc.

22
Q

True or False: Compounds with cumulative effects have a low chronicity factor

A

False - They have a high chronicity factor

23
Q

True or False: A chronicity factor greater than 2.0 indicates a relatively cumulative toxicant

A

True

24
Q

The highest non toxic dose (HNTD)

A

The highest or largest dose which does not result in undesirable or toxic alterations (clinical, hematologic, biochemical, or pathologic alterations)

25
Q

Maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose (MTD)

A

similar to the highest nontoxic dose

26
Q

The toxic dose low (TDL)

A

The lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death

27
Q

The toxic high dose (TDH)

A

The dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will result in death

28
Q

No-effect level (maximum non toxic level)

A

The amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness, or toxic alterations in any of the animals for the stated period (usually 90 days to two years or more depending on the species)

29
Q

The Lethal Dose

A

The dose that causes death in any animal during the period of observation

30
Q

LD0

A

The highest dose that does not cause any death

31
Q

LD50

A

The dose that kills 50% of animals in the group

32
Q

LD100

A

The lowest dose that kills all the animals in a group

33
Q

Hazard (risk)

A

The danger from the possibility of exposure

34
Q

True or False: A poison may be highly toxic but not hazardous

A

True

35
Q

The ratio between toxicity and use level

A

Risk Factor

Tox (3 decks)

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