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Tox > Diagnostic > Flashcards

Diagnostic Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important aspect of dealing with toxicosis?

A

Accurate or confirmed diagnosis

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2
Q

True or False: Diagnosis of poisoning is relatively easy

A

False! It is not easy

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3
Q

True or False: Specific treatment or prevention is based on accurate diagnosis

A

True

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4
Q

What is the best process in diagnosing poisoning?

A

The process of elimination

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5
Q

Tentative Diagnosis

A

Can be obtained by detailed case history, thorough clinical and postmortem examination.

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6
Q

Presumptive Diagnosis

A
  • Can be reached when the history and clinical signs are supported by circumstantial evidence and identification of the source of poisoning
  • Sometimes response to a specific antidotal treatment may help making a presumptive diagnosis
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7
Q

Confirmed Diagnosis

A

May be reached by using ALL CRITERIA OF DIAGNOSIS including laboratory work (sampling, interpretation)

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8
Q

Criteria of Diagnosis

A
  • Case History
  • Clinical Signs
  • Postmortem Findings
  • Laboratory diagnosis
  • Laboratory animal tests
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9
Q

Case History

A
  • Looking for evidence
  • Relying on information provided by the owner or caretaker and may be misleading
  • Make sure that the animals has ingested or has been exposed to the poison at a certain level
  • The food and water should be examined for the presence of toxic agents
  • Information and questions depend on if the animal is a farm animal or a companion animal
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10
Q

Things to know for Farm Animals

A
  • Number of animals - Number of affected animals - Number of dead - Course of disease - type of management - feeding - vaccination - use of insecticides/herbicides - past illness - presence of poisonous plants - detailed clinical signs and post mortem findings
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11
Q

Things to know for Companion Animals

A

Is the animal indoor or outdoors, use of any drugs, insecticides, rodenticides, household chemicals, vaccination, etc.

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12
Q

True or False: It is common for toxicant related diseases to have pathognomonic signs

A

False. Most do not have pathognomonic signs

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13
Q

Why are negative postmortem results just as good as positive postmortem results in diagnosis?

A

Process of Elimination

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14
Q

True or False: Postmortem exams must include toxicology for legal cases

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: All labs are created equal when it comes to reviewing toxicology results

A

False. Make sure it is a qualified toxicology laboratory

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16
Q

True or False: A diagnosis can be confirmed solely on positive chemical results?

A

False. Although positive chemical results can help confirm a diagnosis, it should be consistent with all other criteria

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17
Q

True or False: Accuracy of chemical results depend on good sampling

A

True

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18
Q

What is the most important thing to consider when interpreting results?

A

Other Evidence (always remember the diagnosis relies on several factors)

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19
Q

True or False: Positive results always indicate intoxication and Negative results always indicate poisoning did not occur.

A

False. Positive results do not always mean intoxication, and negative results do not always mean that poisoning did not occur.

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20
Q

Who usually performs lab animal tests?

A

Toxicology Lab

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21
Q

True of False: Lab animal tests do not involve the use of actual animals

A

False: the suspected material (food or water) is administered to susceptible animal and effects are observed

22
Q

True or False: It doesn’t matter what species the suspected material is administered to

A

False, it is more relevant to administer to the same species that was exposed to the suspected toxicant

23
Q

True or False: Positive results may be helpful in aiding diagnosis

A

True

24
Q

True or False: Negative results do not eliminate the possibility of intoxication

A

True

25
Q

If the specimen is being evaluated for toxicants qualitatively, what is being identified?

A

What toxin

26
Q

If the specimen is being evaluated for toxicants quantitatively, what is being identified?

A

What amount

27
Q

True or False: All specimens will be evaluated for toxicants both qualitatively and quantitatively

A

True

28
Q

True or False: All specimens should be representing, avoiding dilution, and putrefaction. However, small amounts of contamination are acceptable

A

False, no contamination is acceptable

29
Q

True or False: Specimens should be taken free of chemical contamination or debris

A

True

30
Q

True or False: Specimens should be washed using a mild detergent

A

False: Specimens should not be washed

31
Q

True or False: Animal and tissue specimens should be refrigerated

A

False: Animal and tissue specimens should be frozen

32
Q

True or False: Blood samples should be frozen while other body fluids should be refrigerated

A

False: Blood samples should be refrigerated while other body fluids should be frozen

33
Q

True or False: The organs should be sealed in a single airtight container

A

False: Packaging specimens from different organs separately

34
Q

True or False: Only glass containers that can be sealed tightly should be used

A

False: Clean glass or plastic containers that can be tightly sealed should be used

35
Q

All specimens should be labeled using waterproof ink and should include what on the label?

A
  • owner’s name

- animal name or number and tissue of specimens

36
Q

True or False: Preservatives must not be added to specimens unless indicated as in case of
histopathological examination and this has to be mentioned on the label

A

True

37
Q

True or False: If you put the tubes with blood in an oblique position you obtain more
serum by increasing the surface area

A

True

38
Q

True or False: Vials and tubes have to be tightly sealed and labeled, then
frozen and transported on ice

A

True

39
Q

What length should forages be cut to when sampling feed?

A

3 inches

40
Q

What should sample size be when submitting feed for sampling?

A

Quart or Kilogram

41
Q

True or False: Green forage or silage should be frozen, or green forage dried

A

True

42
Q

True or False: Variety of sampling when testing hay bales is not important

A

False: Samples should be taken from different bales and from different parts of the bale

43
Q

True or False: Samples should be packaged tightly and sealed airtight in plastic bags

A

True

44
Q

True or False: All letters and instructions should be placed directly inside the airtight plastic bags

A

False: All letters and instructions should be sealed in a first class mail envelope attached to the mailing container

45
Q

True or False: Liquids such as blood and other liquids should be shipped in glass or heavy plastic containers that can be tightly sealed

A

True

46
Q

True or False: Tissue specimens should only be transported in ziploc plastic bags

A

False: Tissue specimens can be transported in ziploc plastic bags, glass or plastic containers

47
Q

True or False: Samples should be wrapped individually for mailing

A

True

48
Q

True or False: Items must be transported in a climate controlled cooler

A

False: Plastic bags, cardboard and coolers are used for

transporting

49
Q

What is the proper protocol for sealing of packages for legal or insurance purposes
(according to FBI, 1976)

A
  • Pack bulk evidence secruely in a box
  • Seal box and mark as “evidence”
  • Place copy of transmittal letter in envelope and mark “invoice”
  • Stick envelope to outside of sealed box
  • Wrap sealed box in outside wrapper and seal with gummed paper and address directly to laboratory (Note attention to a specific person if this is possible)
50
Q

Where do you find the shipping regulations for diagnostic specimens?

A

Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

Tox (3 decks)

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