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Phonetics > intro > Flashcards

intro Flashcards

1
Q

phonetics

A

the study of the production and perception of speech sounds

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2
Q

phonology

A

systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language

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3
Q

phonetics focuses on

A

study of speech sounds, their acoustic and perceptual characteristics and ow they are produced by the speech organs

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4
Q

phonology focuses on

A

the linguistic rules that are used to specify the manner in which speech sounds are organized and combined into meaningful units

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5
Q

dialect

A

a variation of speech or language based on geographical area, native language background and social or ethnic group membership

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6
Q

grapheme

A

printed alphabet letter used in the representation of an allograph

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7
Q

allograph

A

different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound

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8
Q

diagraph

A

may be the same two letters or two completely different letters

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9
Q

silent letters

A

some letters have no sound in certain contexts

ex: Gnome, plumB, Pneumonia

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10
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning

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11
Q

free morpheme

A

carry meaning

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12
Q

bound morpheme

A

bound to other morphemes; do not carry meaning alone.

re-, -s, -ure

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13
Q

phoneme

A

a speech sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes and therefore capable of distinguishing meaning

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14
Q

minimal pairs/minimal contrasts

A

words that vary by only one phoneme

Look & Book // caT & caB

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15
Q

allophones

A

variant production of a phoneme
“keep” exploding /p/
“keep” non exploding /p/

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16
Q

phonetic context

A

certain allophones must be produced a particular way due to the constraints of other sounds in a word

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17
Q

complementary distribution

A

allophones found in distinctly different phonetic environments and are not free to vary in terms of where in the mouth they may be produced

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18
Q

/p/ at beginning of word is ____

A

aspirated

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19
Q

/p/ following /s/ is ____

A

unaspirated

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20
Q

aspirated phoneme

A

puff of air released

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21
Q

unaspirated phoneme

A

no puff of air released

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22
Q

unaspirated phonemes never occur in the ____ position of a word in English

A

initial

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23
Q

free variation

A

can be aspirated or unaspirated, it is up to the speaker

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24
Q

syllable

A

comprised of an onset and a rhyme

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25
Q

onset

A

all the consonants that precede a vowel

  • may be a consonant cluster
    ex: split, tried
  • syllables with no initial consonant = no onset
    ex: eat, afraid
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26
Q

rhyme

A

divided into a nucleus and a coda

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27
Q

nucleus

A

typically a vowel

ex: f-A-s-t

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28
Q

syllabic consonants

A

when consonants take on the role of a vowel

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29
Q

open syllables

A

end with a vowel phoneme (no coda)

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30
Q

closed syllables

A

with a coda

end with a consonant phoneme

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31
Q

open syllables examples

A

he/bow/may/rye/through

allow/daily/belie/zebra/hobo

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32
Q

closed syllables examples

A

corn/suave/wish/charge/slammed

captive/chalice/dentist/english/invest

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33
Q

word stress/lexical stress

A

increased emphasis and muscular force in the production of one syllable

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34
Q

stressed syllables percieved

A
  • longer in duration
  • higher in pitch
  • louder
35
Q

primary stress

A

words that have more than one syllable will always have one particular syllable that receives primary stress
-can be bisyllabic or multisyllabic

36
Q

secondary stress

A

depending on emphasis

37
Q

find stress in

-contain -aware -berserk -charade -inspect -reveal -suppose -detain

A

-con’tain -be’ware -ber’serk -cha’rade -in’spect -re’veal -sup’pose -de’tain

38
Q

find stress in

  • teacher -plural -certain -larynx -careful -primate
  • practice -contact
A
  • ‘teacher -‘plural -‘certain -‘larynx -‘careful -‘primate

- ‘practice -‘contact

39
Q

find stress in

-dandruff -shampoo -bottle -fragrance

A
  • ‘dandruff -sham’poo -‘bottle -‘fragrance
40
Q

find stress in

-cologne -souffle -surreal -careful

A
  • ‘cologne - ‘souffle - ‘surreal - care’ful
41
Q

broad transcription / phonemic transcription

A

transcription of general speech

/ = virgules

42
Q

narrow transcription / allophonic transcription

A

diacritics to show modifications in the production of a vowel or consonant phoneme during transcription
] = brackets

43
Q

impressonistic transcription

A

nothing is known about a particular speech sound system prior to analysis
] = brackets

44
Q

we are practicing ___ transcription with / called ____

A

broad ; virgules

45
Q

advanced ____ transcription uses ] called _____

A

narrow ; brackets

46
Q

T/F

a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language

A

TRUE

47
Q

T/F

an allophone in one language might be a phoneme in another language

A

TRUE

48
Q

T/F

allophones in complementary distribution are predictable, while those in free variation are not

A

TRUE

49
Q

T/F

the glottal stop in the middle of words like “mitten” and “kitten” is a common phoneme in english

A

FALSE

50
Q

T/F

the past tense -ed marker is an example of a bound morpheme

A

TRUE

51
Q

T/F

The opening between the nasal and oral cavity is called the velopharyngeal port

A

TRUE

52
Q

T/F

The words “cap” and “cat” are a minimal pair

A

TRUE

53
Q

T/F

in american english, voiceless plosives are aspirated in word-initial position

A

TRUE

54
Q

T/F

sonority refers to the absolute loudness levels of consonant and vowels

A

FALSE

55
Q

T/F

the word “bottle” will be perceived as having two syllables because it has two peaks of energy

A

TRUE

56
Q

T/F

the consonants that can serve as syllabics (/m/ /n/ /ng/ /l/) all have greater sonority than vowels

A

TRUE

57
Q

T/F

the word “fish” contains a diagraph

A

TRUE

58
Q

T/F

all English consonants are pulmonic consonants

A

TRUE

59
Q

T/F
consonants such as /k/ will always be made in the same place in the oral cavity.
this is how they can be categorized in the IPA as “velar” , “palatal” etc.

A

FALSE

60
Q

T/F

The primary function of the larynx is the production of voice

A

FALSE

primary function is protecting the LRT

61
Q

T/F

the IPA provides a 1:1 correspondence between sound and symbol

A

TRUE

62
Q

T/F

the word “pencil” contains two morphemes

A

TRUE

63
Q

T/F

the vowel in a syllable is a part of the rhyme

A

TRUE

64
Q

T/F

closed syllables always have a coda

A

TRUE

65
Q

T/F

/f/ and /gh/ represent the same phoneme

A

TRUE

66
Q

T/F

the word “other” contains an onset

A

TRUE

67
Q

T/F

according to the IPA, sounds produced at the larynx are called “larengeal”

A

FALSE

68
Q

T/F

a labiodental sound uses both the lips and teeth in its production

A

TRUE

69
Q

T/F

the uvula is an articulator

A

TRUE

70
Q

phonotactic constraints

A

ex: tsunami

71
Q

motoric limitations

A

ex: tsunami

72
Q

diacritics

A

symbols used in conjunction with the consonant and vowel symbols
symbols used for adding specific information
seen in [narrow] transcription

73
Q

diacritics

A
  • symbols used in conjunction with the consonant and vowel symbols
  • symbols used for adding specific information
  • seen in [narrow] transcription
74
Q

find the stress

fundamental, precision, northwestern, practical

A

fun’damental
pre’cision
north’western
‘practical

75
Q

phoneme

A
  • the smallest unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning = differentiate morphemes
  • composed of multiple phonetic realizations
  • a linguistic abstraction
76
Q

free variation

A

where the speaker chooses to make a sound

77
Q

larynx

A
  • a collection of muscle and cartilage that sits superior to the trachea
  • some phones are produced at the level of the larynx
  • phonation is an overlaid function of the larynx
78
Q

pharynx

A
  • a muscular tube

- consists of Laryngopharynx, oropharynx and nasopharynx

79
Q

tongue

A
  • most mobile articulator
  • no internal skeleton
  • supported by the jaw
  • can be divided into multiple functional areas
80
Q

uvula

A
  • an articulator

- can be bifid

81
Q

velum

A
  • is part of the velopharyngeal mechanism

- lifts to close off the opening between the nasal and oral cavities

82
Q

a syllable in American English can consist of:

A

onset + nucleus
onset + nucleus + coda
nucleus + coda

HAS TO HAVE A NUCLEUS

83
Q

moveable articulators

A
  • lips
  • tongue
  • vocal folds
  • velum

Phonetics (2 decks)

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