intro Flashcards
phonetics
the study of the production and perception of speech sounds
phonology
systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language
phonetics focuses on
study of speech sounds, their acoustic and perceptual characteristics and ow they are produced by the speech organs
phonology focuses on
the linguistic rules that are used to specify the manner in which speech sounds are organized and combined into meaningful units
dialect
a variation of speech or language based on geographical area, native language background and social or ethnic group membership
grapheme
printed alphabet letter used in the representation of an allograph
allograph
different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound
diagraph
may be the same two letters or two completely different letters
silent letters
some letters have no sound in certain contexts
ex: Gnome, plumB, Pneumonia
morpheme
smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning
free morpheme
carry meaning
bound morpheme
bound to other morphemes; do not carry meaning alone.
re-, -s, -ure
phoneme
a speech sound that is capable of differentiating morphemes and therefore capable of distinguishing meaning
minimal pairs/minimal contrasts
words that vary by only one phoneme
Look & Book // caT & caB
allophones
variant production of a phoneme
“keep” exploding /p/
“keep” non exploding /p/
phonetic context
certain allophones must be produced a particular way due to the constraints of other sounds in a word
complementary distribution
allophones found in distinctly different phonetic environments and are not free to vary in terms of where in the mouth they may be produced
/p/ at beginning of word is ____
aspirated
/p/ following /s/ is ____
unaspirated
aspirated phoneme
puff of air released
unaspirated phoneme
no puff of air released
unaspirated phonemes never occur in the ____ position of a word in English
initial
free variation
can be aspirated or unaspirated, it is up to the speaker
syllable
comprised of an onset and a rhyme
onset
all the consonants that precede a vowel
- may be a consonant cluster
ex: split, tried - syllables with no initial consonant = no onset
ex: eat, afraid
rhyme
divided into a nucleus and a coda
nucleus
typically a vowel
ex: f-A-s-t
syllabic consonants
when consonants take on the role of a vowel
open syllables
end with a vowel phoneme (no coda)
closed syllables
with a coda
end with a consonant phoneme
open syllables examples
he/bow/may/rye/through
allow/daily/belie/zebra/hobo
closed syllables examples
corn/suave/wish/charge/slammed
captive/chalice/dentist/english/invest
word stress/lexical stress
increased emphasis and muscular force in the production of one syllable
stressed syllables percieved
- longer in duration
- higher in pitch
- louder
primary stress
words that have more than one syllable will always have one particular syllable that receives primary stress
-can be bisyllabic or multisyllabic
secondary stress
depending on emphasis
find stress in
-contain -aware -berserk -charade -inspect -reveal -suppose -detain
-con’tain -be’ware -ber’serk -cha’rade -in’spect -re’veal -sup’pose -de’tain
find stress in
- teacher -plural -certain -larynx -careful -primate
- practice -contact
- ‘teacher -‘plural -‘certain -‘larynx -‘careful -‘primate
- ‘practice -‘contact
find stress in
-dandruff -shampoo -bottle -fragrance
- ‘dandruff -sham’poo -‘bottle -‘fragrance
find stress in
-cologne -souffle -surreal -careful
- ‘cologne - ‘souffle - ‘surreal - care’ful
broad transcription / phonemic transcription
transcription of general speech
/ = virgules
narrow transcription / allophonic transcription
diacritics to show modifications in the production of a vowel or consonant phoneme during transcription
] = brackets
impressonistic transcription
nothing is known about a particular speech sound system prior to analysis
] = brackets
we are practicing ___ transcription with / called ____
broad ; virgules
advanced ____ transcription uses ] called _____
narrow ; brackets
T/F
a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language
TRUE
T/F
an allophone in one language might be a phoneme in another language
TRUE
T/F
allophones in complementary distribution are predictable, while those in free variation are not
TRUE
T/F
the glottal stop in the middle of words like “mitten” and “kitten” is a common phoneme in english
FALSE
T/F
the past tense -ed marker is an example of a bound morpheme
TRUE
T/F
The opening between the nasal and oral cavity is called the velopharyngeal port
TRUE
T/F
The words “cap” and “cat” are a minimal pair
TRUE
T/F
in american english, voiceless plosives are aspirated in word-initial position
TRUE
T/F
sonority refers to the absolute loudness levels of consonant and vowels
FALSE
T/F
the word “bottle” will be perceived as having two syllables because it has two peaks of energy
TRUE
T/F
the consonants that can serve as syllabics (/m/ /n/ /ng/ /l/) all have greater sonority than vowels
TRUE
T/F
the word “fish” contains a diagraph
TRUE
T/F
all English consonants are pulmonic consonants
TRUE
T/F
consonants such as /k/ will always be made in the same place in the oral cavity.
this is how they can be categorized in the IPA as “velar” , “palatal” etc.
FALSE
T/F
The primary function of the larynx is the production of voice
FALSE
primary function is protecting the LRT
T/F
the IPA provides a 1:1 correspondence between sound and symbol
TRUE
T/F
the word “pencil” contains two morphemes
TRUE
T/F
the vowel in a syllable is a part of the rhyme
TRUE
T/F
closed syllables always have a coda
TRUE
T/F
/f/ and /gh/ represent the same phoneme
TRUE
T/F
the word “other” contains an onset
TRUE
T/F
according to the IPA, sounds produced at the larynx are called “larengeal”
FALSE
T/F
a labiodental sound uses both the lips and teeth in its production
TRUE
T/F
the uvula is an articulator
TRUE
phonotactic constraints
ex: tsunami
motoric limitations
ex: tsunami
diacritics
symbols used in conjunction with the consonant and vowel symbols
symbols used for adding specific information
seen in [narrow] transcription
diacritics
- symbols used in conjunction with the consonant and vowel symbols
- symbols used for adding specific information
- seen in [narrow] transcription
find the stress
fundamental, precision, northwestern, practical
fun’damental
pre’cision
north’western
‘practical
phoneme
- the smallest unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning = differentiate morphemes
- composed of multiple phonetic realizations
- a linguistic abstraction
free variation
where the speaker chooses to make a sound
larynx
- a collection of muscle and cartilage that sits superior to the trachea
- some phones are produced at the level of the larynx
- phonation is an overlaid function of the larynx
pharynx
- a muscular tube
- consists of Laryngopharynx, oropharynx and nasopharynx
tongue
- most mobile articulator
- no internal skeleton
- supported by the jaw
- can be divided into multiple functional areas
uvula
- an articulator
- can be bifid
velum
- is part of the velopharyngeal mechanism
- lifts to close off the opening between the nasal and oral cavities
a syllable in American English can consist of:
onset + nucleus
onset + nucleus + coda
nucleus + coda
HAS TO HAVE A NUCLEUS
moveable articulators
- lips
- tongue
- vocal folds
- velum
