Intro Flashcards
Pathophysiology
Study of changes in bodily structure and function that occur as a result of disease
Etiology
Cause of the injury (disease)
Pathogenesis
natural history and development of the disease
Pathophysiology
The manner in which the incorrect function is expressed
Lesion
Structural abnormality produced by the injury
Idiopathic
The cause of the disease is unknown
Iatrogenic
The disease is a byproduct of medical diagnosis of treatment
Clinical pathology
Study of the functional aspects of the disease by lab study of tissue, blood, urine, or other body fluids
Ischemia
Decrease of blood to a tissue; can be local or caused by a thrombus or embolus or global due to a low perfusion pressure
Hypoxia
Lack of oxygen to a tissue from any cause
Hypoxemia
low arterial oxygen supply
Disease
An unhealthy state caused by the effects of injury
Acute disease
Arises rapidly, is accompanied by distinctive symptoms, and lasts a short time
Chronic disease
Usually begins slowly, with signs and symptoms that are difficult to interpret, persists for a long time, and generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication
Symptoms
Complaints reported by the patient or by someone else on behalf of the patient and are part of the medical history
Signs
Direct observations by an examiner
Syndrome
A collection of clinical signs, symptoms, and data. May be caused by different diseases (CHF for example)
Sickness vs. Health
Sickness (disease) and health (wellness) refer to the actual presence or absence of disease and DO NOT refer to symptoms, signs, labs, x-rays, or scientific studies
Normal vs. Abnormal
Applied to observations
Range with an upper and lower limit
Describe the results of measurement or observations used to determine whether disease is present
Test Terminology
Positive= abnormal Negative= normal
True Positive
Test of someone who has the disease and the test is positive
False positive
Test that shows positive but the patient does not have the disease
True negative
Test of someone who does not have the disease and the test is negative
False negative
Refers to a test that shows negative but the patient does have the disease
Diagnosis and Treatment?
Treat the person, not the test!
Apoptosis
Planned cell death, a programmed commitment to die
Necrosis
Cell death cause by disease; 6 types
How cells are injured:
- inadequate oxygen
- direct physical action
- Ionizing radiation
- Toxic molecular injury
- Microbes
- inflammatory and immune reactions
- nutritional imbalance
- genetic defects
- aging
Mild cell injury results in:
- hydronic change
- intravenous are accumulations
- atrophy
- hyper trophy
- hyperplasia
- dysplasia
- metaplasia
Vacuole Degeneration
Formation of nonlipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm due to accumulation of water from cloudy swelling. Swelling of cells
Coagulative Necrosis
Most common type, gel-like change in blocks of freshly dead cells mostly caused by ischemia
Gangrenous necrosis
Seems when the entire limb loses blood supply; skin looks black; wet when bacterial infection is superimposed and dry when only blood loss is the cause
Liquefaction necrosis
The dead tissue dissolves into fluid. Pus appears–bacterial or fungal infections are the cause
Fat Necrosis
Seen in acute pancreatitis, see outlines of dead fat cells
Caseous necrosis
Caused by TB infection, the tissue is off-white, soft, pasty and clump
Fibrin oil necrosis
Seen in immune reactions in vessels. Fibrin like substance deposited in vessel walls
Body structure and function in disease?
Signs, symptoms, syndromes
Mitochondria?
Produce energy necessary for metabolic processes
Most common causes of cell injury?
- Hypoxia
2. Ischemia
Causes of cell atrophy?
Reduced functional demand Inadequate blood supply Lack of hormonal or neural support Chronic injury Cell aging
Screening
Determining need to further examination or consultation by a PT for referral to another HCP
-based on problem-focused systematic collection and analysis of data
Consultation
Rendering of a professional or expert opinion or advice by a PT
Why Pathophysiology
- direct access
- PT need to be more familiar with diseases
- comorbidities
- atypical and associated signs and symptoms
Red Flags
Symptoms or symptoms that require immediate attention
Yellow Flags
Symptom or symptoms that are cautionary and cause you to think about a more specific screening or referral
Normal Pulse Rate
60-100bpm
Normal Respiration Rate
12-20 breaths/min
Normal BP
120/80
Normal Temperature
Between 96.8 and 99.5 degrees F
Normal Pulse Oximetry
About 97-98% (below 90%=Red Flag!)
Closed-Ended Questions
One word answers- yes or no
Open-Ended Questions
Allows patients to elaborate on details surrounding primary concerns
Funnel Sequence Questions
Moving from open-ended to closed-ended questions
Paraphrasing Technique
Synthesize and integrate obtained info. And repeat info back to patient
Initial Visit
- Asses why patient is coming to PT
- Summarize beyond the initial visit
- Discuss D/C plans
- Discuss the patient’s role in the process
- Lay the ground rules
- Start your observation the second you see the patient
