Intro

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

New growth

Abnormal proliferation of cells, tissue, or organ

Synonymous w/ tumor

Question 2

Hyperplasia

Answer 2

Proliferation of cells w/in an organ that may result in gross enlargement in response to physiological stimulus

Remains under normal regulatory control mechanisms

Question 3

Hypertrophy

Answer 3

Increase in cell size

Question 4

Dysplasia

Answer 4

Early form of pre-cancerous transformation detected in a biopsy or Pap smear

Cells are different from tissue of origin

Question 5

Carcinoma “in situ”

Answer 5

“cancer in place”

Cells have lost their tissue identity

-Growth is rapid and w/o regulation

Remains localized to a specific area/organ

Question 6

Invasive Carcinoma

Answer 6

Invading beyond the original tissue layer/location

May be able to spread to another part of the body - metastasize

Question 7

Metaplasia

Answer 7

Changes in response to chronic physical or chemical irritation

-cigarette smoking causes mucus secreting ciliated epithelium to be replaced w/ simple squamous epithelium

The change is benign and reversible to a certain limit

Question 8

Cell progression through cancer stages

Answer 8

Metaplasia -> Dysplasia -> Neoplasia

Question 9

What is the most common cancer in women (excluding skin cancer)?

Answer 9

Breast cancer

Question 10

What is the most common cancer in men (excluding skin cancer)?

Answer 10

Prostate

Question 11

What type of cancer causes the most deaths each year in men and women

Answer 11

Lung

Question 12

Which cancer is the most deadly?

(Has lowest survival rate)

Answer 12

Pancreatic

Question 13

Diet and Cancer risk

Answer 13

Veggies lower GI risk - esophageal, stomach, colon

Lycopene (tomatoes) lowers prostate CA risk

Low fat dairy lowers breast CA risk

High red meat intake increase colon cancer risk

Question 14

Type 2 Diabetes most increases which cancer risk

Answer 14

Liver

Pancreas

Endometrium

Also colon, breast, bladder

Decrease risk prostate cancer

Question 15

Excess alcohol most increases which CA risk

Answer 15

Head and neck

Esophageal

Liver

Question 16

Pediatric cancer prominence

Answer 16

0-14 = leukemia is prominent

15-19 = Brain/CNS and HL

Question 17

Pediatric Cancer Deaths

Answer 17

0-14 = Brain, leukemia, soft tissue (including heart)

15-19 = leukemia, bone & joint, brain

Question 18

Gain of Function Mutations

Answer 18

Altered or unregulated activity of proto-oncogene leads increased production

AKA Gain of function mutation

Dominant - only single mutation needed to stimulate cell proliferation

Question 19

Loss of Function Mutation
​

Answer 19

Loss of tumor suppressor activity -> get unregulated pathways and tumorigenesis

AKA underactive mutation

Recessive - need two mutation events that inactivate both copies of that gene

Question 20

Type of cell that tumors originate from

Carcinoma

Sarcoma

Lymphoma/Leukemia

Germ cell

Blastomas

Answer 20

Carcinoma: epithelial cells

Sarcoma: connective tissue cells

Lymphoma/Leukemia: blood cells

Germ cell: Testicle and ovary

Blastomas: immature cells or embryonic tissue

Question 21

Methods of Metastasis

Answer 21

Spread through blood

Spread through lymph

Seeding into spaces of body

-peritoneal, pericardial, pleural space

Question 22

Sites of Common Cancer Metastases

Breast

Lung

Colorectal

Prostate

Melanoma

Primary Brain

Answer 22

Breast: Axialla, internal mammary nodes, bone

Lung: Hilar, mediastinal, supraclavicular nodes

Colorectal: Pelvic and mesenteric nodes, liver, lung, CSF

Prostate: Pelvic nodes, bone and brain

Melanoma: Reginal nodes - very sneaky

Primary Brain: Brain, CSF