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Clin Path > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

3 reasons for anemia:

A

bone marrow malfunction, hemorrhaging, hemolysis

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2
Q

species w/ nucleated RBC

A

anything not a mammal- amphibians, for ex.

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3
Q

Most common reason to have low lymphocyte count?

A

Stress- corticosteroids (endogenous/exogenous)

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4
Q

What endocrine disorder cause lack of stress leukogram?

A

Addisons dz

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5
Q

What endocrine disorder causes stress leukogram?

A

Cushings dz

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6
Q

What stain can you demonstrate Heinz body and reticulocytes well?

A

Brilliant cresyl blue shows them better than wrights.

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7
Q

What is a Heinz body?

A

Denatured hemoglobin in RBC – more about Heinz body later

lecture

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8
Q

What is the only thing that can cause high albumin?

A

Dehydration

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9
Q

What are causes of high bilirubin concentration in blood?

A

RBC destruction, liver problems (cholestasis/hepatic destruction), diabetes

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10
Q

What is Tc02?

A

Pretty much demonstrates your bicarb. A decrease in T co2
demonstrates a metabolic acidosis.
• Anion gapà cations have to equal anions. (NA +K)- (Bicarb + Cl) =
anion gap. Roughly around 5-15

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11
Q

What could clumped platelets falsely lower?

A
  • Lower the platelet count- look at blood film to confirm.

* in addition could artificially increase the RDW

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12
Q

What do large platelets on a blood film represent?

A

That immature platelets are being released (either destruction or consumption of platelets)

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13
Q

What is the difference between PCV and hematocrit?

A

PCV-> Manually performed. Hematocrit- computerized

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14
Q

What is common to see w/ hemangiosarcoma (cells, clinical signs)?

A

Acanthocytes, shistocytes, periods of intermittent weakness ,


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15
Q

What can an increase in MCV represent?

A

Mean cell volume- Regeneration of RBC (reticulocytes)—not the
only cause

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16
Q

What is the order of maturation of a white blood cell?

A

Myelobalst, progranulocyte, myelocyte, metamylocyte, band neutrophil, mature neutrophil.

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17
Q

What does the demonstration of metamyelocytes represent?

A

Severe inflammation—should not see them out in peripheral blood

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18
Q

What is common to see with dogs w/ IMHA?

A

They have inflammatory leukograms because

o 1. Cytokine increase, or 2. Animals have necrosis related to anemia or to small clot formation seconndary to DIC.

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19
Q

What is specific about puppies and their TP?

A

Pups have slightly lower PCV and protein

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20
Q

Most probable cause of microcytic anemia?

A

Fe def. anemia (99%)- other cause- inflammatory anemia

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21
Q

Why would 50% of patients w/ iron deficient anemia have increase platelets?

A

b/c megakaryocytes are responsive to EPO due to the increase in
EPO due to the anemia.

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22
Q

What are some causes of bone marrow to fail?

A

Infectious dz, chemicals, toxin, radiation.

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23
Q

What will you not suspect if platelet count is less than 100,000?

A

That the decrease in platelets is due to bleeding – there is another underlying reason behind it

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24
Q

Purple top

A

Purple top- contains EDTA w/ potassium salt- preserves cell morphology. (if you accidentally cross contaminate w/ a red tube you can have abnormal levels- (hyperkalemic value, and hypocalcemic)

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25
Q

Red top

A

contains nothing- allow for serum to be collected

26
Q

Tiger top

A 
Tiger top (red and black)- contains a density media for separation
the serum
27
Q

Green tube

A

Green tube- heparin- anticoag

28
Q

blue top

A

blue top- contains citrate – coag tests

29
Q

gray tube

A

gray tube- fluoride- inhibits glucose metabolism (every 1/2hour- there is a 10% drop in glucose in normal

30
Q

when collecting blood how much should you use?

A

5ml for a CBC and biochem. Use a 20 G needle. Excess EDTA can
shrink cells and cause erroneous PCV and MCV

31
Q

How quickly should you analyze a blood sample?

A

Analyze w/in 1 hr, make a blood film and refrigerate the
tube. Do not refrigerate blood film b/c it can cause cell lysis(condensation) and do not freeze. If blood out for +24 hrs- RBC swell and increase MCV

32
Q

What species blood settles very quickly- making you need to mix well?

A

Horse blood.

33
Q

What is the PCV?

A

Percentage of whole blood composed of RBC

34
Q

What comprises the buffy coat?

A

Nucleated RBC, platelets, and Leukocytes

35
Q

What does yellow pigmentation of plasma mean? White?

A

Icterus or carotene pigments in the diet. White means lipemia.

36
Q

What can cause a red serum?

A

In vitro hemolysis

37
Q

How do you measure plasma protein in practice?

A

w/ a refractometer

38
Q

what can artificially increase the plasma protein?

A

lipemia, urea, cholesterol

39
Q

What makes up your total plasma protein?

A

albumin, globulin, clotting factors

40
Q

What does decreased TP and PCV decrease represent?

A

Blood loss

41
Q

What 3 stains make up your diff quick?

A

alcohol (blue), eosin, (red) ethylene blue (dark blue/purple

42
Q

What cells can be demonstrated at the feathered edge?

A

Higher density cells -> platelet clumps, microfilaria, large

neoplastic cells. (10 x objective)

43
Q

Does the presence of nucleated RBC mean you have a regenerative anemia?

A

Presence of nucleated RBC does not demonstrate regenerative anemia- you want to see polychromatophilic cells

44
Q

What virus in a pup has vomiting, diarrhea and low nucleated cell count?

A

Parvo

45
Q

What is a normal platelet count on an oil immersion field?

A

6-10 platelets

46
Q

what is the normal concentration of Hg compared to PCV?

A

1/3 of PCV is the Hg concentration.

47
Q

Formulate to calculate the PCV? MCHC

A
  • (MCVx RBC) / 10

* (hg/pcv %) x 100

48
Q

what does an increase in MCHC represent?

A

• Increase always artificial -> hemolysis, lipemia or Heinz bodies
• Decreases- Fe def. but not unless very severe. (don’t dx based on
MCHC- look at the MCV)

49
Q

What are your types of cell size/counting?

A

Light scatter measurement(flow) or electronic cell counting

impedence

50
Q

What are your normal RBC sizes (fl)

A

Dog-60-72, cat, horse, cow- 38-52, sheep-25-35, llama 21-29, goat 15-25

51
Q

What can cause the MCV to be high?

A

• Often w/ agglutination (counted as megaerythroroctyes)
• What does a small RDW and large RDW represent?
small- more alike your RBC are. larger- more variation the RBC are.
increase in your RDW- population of big cells and little cells

52
Q

What color do reticulocytes stain? What do you use to stain

A

• Polychromatic w/ wrights- clump of RBC organelles.
• New methylene blue- causes organism growth so brilliant cresyl
blue is better.

53
Q

What species do not release reticulocytes?

A

Horses.

54
Q

How long does a reticulyte and a dog/ cat mature?

A

How long does a reticulyte and a dog/ cat mature? pg 27 in text.
• 24- 48 hr in dog.
• Cats- aggregate reticulocyte become punctate reticulocyte.
Aggregates become punctate in 12 hours. Punctate persist for 12 dayso polychromatophilic cells are demonstrated w/ wrights stain for aggregates.
o punctate and mature cells indistinguishable w/ wrights stain. o aggregate cells are counted in cats. .

55
Q

What happens when a neutrophil ages?

A

Becomes denser/ pyknotic

56
Q

what is the size of a lymphocyte in small animal?

A

Normal lympohcytes in small animal are slightly smaller than
neutrophil. If lympho bigger than a neutro- chance they are
neoplastic and you have a neoplasia of lymphoid tissue.

57
Q

What is a lymphocyte w/ a nucleolus seen in its cytoplasm?

A

• lymphoblast.
• Large granular lymphocytes- have more cytoplasm.
• A larger lymphocyte w/ increase basophilia in cytoplasm referred to
as a reactive lymphocyte

58
Q

What if you have LGLS?

A

• In large animal- common to see especially in ruminants.
• Not common in normal healthy dog. (possible seen you have
antigenic stimulation for ex) if seen in small animal or a leukemia
involving LGLS -> erlichiosis in dog can show w/ increase in LGL

59
Q

What if you see howell jolly body?

A

It is what is left of the nucleus ->seen w/ increase in numbers. Normally they are removed by the spleen.

60
Q

RBC inclusions:

A

• Basophilic stippling represents the spontaneous aggregation of
ribosomal RNA in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes. These aggregates stain, and hence are visible, with routine hematology stainà seen in regen. anemia, and lead poisoning (w/out anemia)
• Heinz body- degeneration of hemoglobin.
• howell jolly bodies- small fragments of non functiona nucleus not
extruded through RBC when it left the bone marrow. can mimic a parasite. found in normal cats and horses, regen anemia, poor splenic activity, erythroid dysplasia.

Clin Path (20 decks)

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