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Physiology Unit 7 > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

defect in lower esophageal sphincter

A

heartburn/acid indigestion

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2
Q

defect in pyloric sphincter

A

gastritis, ulcer formation, risk of perforation

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3
Q

defect in ileocecal sphincter

A

IBS due to bacterial overgrowth in small intestine

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4
Q

how is acidic chyme from stomach neutralized

A

HCO3- from exocrine pancreas secreted into duodenum

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5
Q

ENS afferents are

A

sensory

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6
Q

ENS efferents are

A

secretomotor

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7
Q

sense stretch of smooth muscle; signal goes through myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus, stimulates contractions

A

mechanoreceptors in gut

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8
Q

sense chemical composition of chyme; regulate motility and secretion of buffers to control luminal pH during influx of acidic chyme into duodenum

A

chemoreceptors

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9
Q

sense osmolarity of chyme in small intestine; control amount of chyme entering SI as well as amount of secretions needed to buffer chyme

A

osmoreceptors

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10
Q

increases gut motility, relaxes sphincters, enhances secretions

A

parasympathetics

-vagus and pelvic nerves

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11
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers (vagus and pelvic nerves) of the ENS terminate on

A

postganglionic cholinergic or peptidergic neurons located in the plexuses

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12
Q

afferent and efferent impulses carried by mixed vagus nerve

A

vagovagal reflexes

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13
Q

innervate distal 1/3 of colon

A

pelvic nerves - parasym

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14
Q

innervates 2/3 of ENS from pharynx to beginning of distal colon

A

vagus nerve - parasym

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15
Q

major sympathetic neurotransmitter of ENS

A

norepi

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16
Q

inhibits excitatory cholinergic neurons via presynaptic inhibition in ENS

A

norepi

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17
Q

inititation of salivation happens during

A

cephalic phase

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18
Q

nerves involved in cephalic phase (salivation)

A

facial, glossopharyngeal

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19
Q

where is the swallowing center

A

medulla

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20
Q

nerve involved in gastric phase, and some of cephalic phase

A

vagus

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21
Q

nervous structures involved in perstalsis

A

vagus, swallowing center of medulla

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22
Q

pacemakers of GI tract; abundant in myenteric plexus

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

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23
Q

contraction of G wall occurs

A

when APs are generated at peaks of slow waves

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24
Q

describe contractions of ICCs

A

continual, slow intrinsic electrical activity

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25
Q

contractions that maintain tone without regular relaxation

A

tonic contractions

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26
Q

where do tonic contractions occur

A

orad stomach

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27
Q

connection between ICCs and circular muscle

A

gap junctions

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28
Q

equivalent to resting membrane potential of the GI smooth muscle

A

slow waves

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29
Q

how does PNS increase strength of contractions in gut

A

increase number of action potentials

30
Q

modulate productoon of APs and strength of muscle contractions

A

neural and hormonal input

31
Q

in the small intestine, stretch, Ach, and Parasym stimulate

A

spikes, depolarization

32
Q

in the small intestine, norepi and sympathetics stimulate

A

hyperpolarization

33
Q

what kind of contractions does muscarininc choliergic antagonist atropine cause

A

weak

34
Q

atropine

A

muscarinic cholinergic antagonist

-stimulates weak contractions in the gut

35
Q

what add to the weak contractions of the gut controlled by atropine

A

excitation from myenteric nerve plexus

36
Q

gastroenteric reflex

A

enhanced peristaltic motility and secretions after a meal

37
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

opens ileocecal valve so chyme can pass from small intestine to large intestine

38
Q

gastroileal reflex: distention of ileum leads to

A

relaxation of ileocecal sphincter

39
Q

gastroileal reflex: distention of ascending colon leads to

A

contraction of ileocecal sphincter

40
Q

enterogastric reflex

A

optimizes digestion and absorption

  • decreases gastric motility and secretions
  • contracts pyloric sphincter
  • inhibits chyme from entering duodenum
41
Q

peristalsis and motility of small intestine are controlled by

A

myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s)

42
Q

aboral

A

away from mouth

43
Q

orad

A

toward mouth

44
Q

peristalsis: contractile ring forms on

A

orad side

45
Q

peristalsis: receptive relaxation occurs

A

aborally (downstream)

46
Q

peristaltic propulsion: receiving segment

A

longitudinal contracts

circular relaxes

47
Q

peristaltic propulsion: propulsive segment

A

circular contracts

longitudinal relaxes

48
Q

Ach and Substance P are (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

excitatory

49
Q

VIP is (excitatory/inhibitory)

A

inhibitory

50
Q

causes of pathological ileus

A

abdominal surgery, anticholinergic drugs, opiates

51
Q

patholoigical ileus

A

normal periods of quiescence are much longer

52
Q

physiological ileus

A

absence of motility in intestines - normal

53
Q

acts during fasting, sweeps stomach and SI of undigested food/fiber, prevents overgrowth of bacteria, inhibits pyloric sphincter during this process

A

Migrating Motor Complex

54
Q

where is Motilin synthesizes

A

duodenal Mo cells

55
Q

motilin

A

acts during active phase of MMC

56
Q

bezoars

A

accumulate in absence of MMC, obstruct lumen of stomach

57
Q

effect of vagotomy on MMC

A

reduces contractile activity

58
Q

pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A
  • efferent signals from vagus and hypoglossal to swallowing centers in medulla
  • soft palate moves up
  • epiglottis covers trachea
59
Q

esophageal phase of swallowing

A

primary peristaltic wave + receptive relaxation of stomach

60
Q

damage to these CNs can impair swallowing

A

V, IX, X

61
Q

components of swallowing center in medulla

A 
nucleus ambiguus (CN IX, X),
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
62
Q

effect of vagotomy on gastric accomodation

A

reduced - increase in intragastric pressure happens sooner

63
Q

failure of LES to relax during swallowing (no receptive relaxation)

A

achalasia

64
Q

LES tone is not properly maintained

A

GERD

65
Q

what factor allows LES to relax

A

VIP

66
Q

proximal gastric reservoir

A

fundus, 1/3 of body

67
Q

distral antral pump

A

caudal 2/3 of body, antrum, pyloris

68
Q

T/F: muscles of gastric reservoir contract phasically

A

False - constant tone

69
Q

T/F: muscles of antral pump contract phasically

A

True

70
Q

actions of stomach

A

propulsion, grinding, retropulsion

Physiology Unit 7 (3 decks)

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