Intro

Question 1

what tissues secrete hormones that are not traditional endocrine orans?

Answer 1

GI tract and kidneys

Question 2

what hormone is secreted by the placenta? what does it do?

Answer 2

chorionic gonadotrophin-stimulates the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone in early pregnancy
human placental lactogen- stimulates lactation
estrogens and progesterone

Question 3

what classes of hormones are there? what kinds of receptors do they activate

Answer 3

polypeptides, amines or steroids (-sterone or -ol ending)
peptides and amines- cell surface receptors
steroid hormones- nuclear or cytoplasmic receptors

Question 4

what are neuroendocrine hormones?

Answer 4

released by neurons into the blood

Question 5

describe the storage and action of peptide hormones. how does this differ from steroids?

Answer 5

stored in secretory vesicles and activate second messengers

steroid hormones produced on demand and control gene transcription

Question 6

describe pseudohypoparathyroidism.

Answer 6

PTH is secreted but there is a problem with the receptor’s g protein-cannot mediate its effects

Question 7

how is the pituitary regulated?

Answer 7

by vascular signaling in the adenohypophysis
axons of hypothalamus releases hormones into the hypophyseal portal circulation
neuronal control in the neurohypophysis by the hypothalamus

Question 8

what types of blood does the anterior and posterior pituitary receive?

Answer 8

anterior- venous

posterior- arterial

Question 9

describe the function of the posterior pituitary

Answer 9

axons from the hypothalamic nuclei extend to the posterior pituitary where it stores the hormones in nerve terminals. released when needed

Question 10

what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 10

ADH and oxytocin (smaller peptides)

Question 11

which anterior pituitary hormone is not controlled by hypothalamic releasing factors?

Answer 11

prolactin

Question 12

which anterior pituitary hormone has inhibitory control?

Answer 12

growth hormone is inhibited by somatostatin

Question 13

what are the six major hormones of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 13

LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin and growth hormone

Question 14

what is long loop feedback?

Answer 14

feedback of hormones released from peripheral glands onto the HPA

Question 15

what is short loop feedback?

Answer 15

anterior pituitary hormones feeding back on the hypothalamus

Question 16

what does prolactin do?

Answer 16

stimulates milk production during lactation, promotes breast development in puberty and pregnancy and inhibits ovulation

Question 17

what is the normal inhibition of prolactin caused by? how is excessive prolactin secretion treated?

Answer 17

dopamine tonically inhibits prolactin synthesis

treated with dopamine receptor agonist

Question 18

what do neurophysins do?

Answer 18

transport ADH (2) and oxytocin (1) from the hypothalamic nuclei to the posterior pituitary

Question 19

what does oxytocin do?

Answer 19

stimulates milk let down from breast with suckling and uterine contractions in response to cervical dilation

Question 20

what other factors cause oxytocin release?

Answer 20

orgasm and sight, smell or sound of an infant

Question 21

what nucleus synthesizes oxytocin and ADH?

Answer 21

the paraventricular nucleus

Question 22

what does ADH do?

Answer 22

released in response to increased osmolarity and decreased blood pressure- promotes water resorption in the kidney (V2 receptor) and venous contraction (V1 receptor)

Question 23

what is central diabetes insipidus?

Answer 23

failure of the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH

Question 24

what two circumstances could cause hypopituitarism?

Answer 24

insufficiency of hypothalamic releasing hormones or inability of pituitary to produce hormones (tumor most common cause)

Question 25

what type of injuries are related with hypopituitarism?

Answer 25

TBI and subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 26

what do the clinical features of hypopituitarism reflect? what is the treatment?

Answer 26

deficiency in corticotropin, thyrotropin, gonadotropin and ADH
treat with hormone replacement