Intro 2 Flashcards
Who is known as the father of behaviourism?
John Watson
According to Watson what is fear?
A learned response
Give three things about learning theory from Watson?
One it was complete contrast to Freud
Two he suggested infants are blank sites that are written by experiences and do not have inborn tendency as development is entirely based on environment
Demonstrated through a little Albert experiment, that you can condition a baby to fear
Skinner’s learning theory; operant conditioning talks about what?
Operant (for instrumental) conditioning
Behaviour becomes more or less probable depending on the consequences it produces
I.e. reinforces: negative and positive increase the probability of a behaviour occurring
Punishment: consequences that suppress response and decrease the likelihood it will occur
What Is the Skinner box?
Operant chamber/Skinner box is an experiment with a mouse and a lever where when the mouse put as the lever they get food. The more times food is given when leaver is pushed increases the likeliness of repeating behaviour
When did Bendura’s social learning theory happen?
1977
Bandura’s social learning theory includes…
All about Self efficacy – one for me in one’s own ability to complete tasks and reach goals, and the power to change one circumstances.
Continue with reciprocal interactions (reciprocal determinism)
Emphasis on observation
Behaviour and environment
Human think about connections between behaviour and consequences, anticipate future consequences and I’m more affected by what they believe will happen by these consequences
What diagram is connected with bandura?
Triangle with factor, personal factors (cognitive, affective and biological events) and environmental factors. And these are all interrelated with arrows going every direction
Briefly outline The two cognitive development theories
1) development of thought processes come in stages- Piaget
2) societal expectations and experiences define and help define development thought processes. That we need several apprenticeships/mentors you need to these. This is bye Vygotsky
Piaget’s cognitive development is important for what reasons?
Contributed most to the understanding of children’s minds
Worked on the first children’s IQ test – became interested in the incorrect answers as children of the same age produced similar era types
How do you do young children don’t know less but that they think in a qualitatively different way
Focused on development and how children construct and mental image (schemas) of the world
Argued intelligence is not fixed
Studied, tested and observed children’s cognitive abilities
What are piaget’s 4 major development periods?
SPCF (some philanthropists can fart)
Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)
Exploration through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence in separation anxiety develop here
Preoperational (2-6 yrs)
Use of symbols (words and images) to represent objects but does not reason logically. Great ability to pretend. Egocentric
Concrete operational (7-12 yrs) Thinks logically about concrete objects. Can add and subtract. Understands conversation
Formal operational (12 yrs -adult) Can reason abstractly and think hypothetically
What image does contextual theory use?
What are mr V’s levels
3 Concentric circles
Outer- What I can’t do
Middle – what I can do with help (zone of proximal development)
Anna – what I can do
What are the three key themes of Mr V’s Contextual theory?
Social interactions
MKO – the more knowledgeable other (this is the apprentice mentor thing)
ZPD – zone of proximal development
What Are two defining characteristics of contextual theory?
Changes over the lifespan arise from ongoing interpersonal relationships between a changing organism and world
Changes in a person creates changes in the environment and
Change in the environment produce changes in the person
What image is used for Mr b’s ecological model?
Large/5 concentric circles
What are the five levels to Mr B’s ecological model?
Individual
Microsystem (home, immediate family, school, neighbourhood)
Mesosystem (Home school neighbourhood work)
Ecosystem (mass media, community services, child school, parents workplace)
Macro system (widely shared cultural values beliefs customs and laws)
Please continue to a change and adapt as the person that through the lifespan
What are the eight stages of development throughout the lifespan?
PIE-MAY-MA!
Prenatal (from conception to birth) Infancy (birth to 2 years) Early childhood (2 to 7 years) Middle childhood (7 to 11 years) Adolescence (11 to 20-ish) Young adulthood (20s to 40s) Middle adult hood (40s to 60s) Late adulthood (60 onwards)
What are the five features of the lifespan perspective?
(Mary Poppins has my lamppost)
Lifelong process (change throughout life)
Multidirectional (can experience growth in one set of capacities, decline in another and no change in others)
Plasticity (capacity to change in response to positive and negative experiences – potential for improvement is ongoing)
Historical context (takes into account time periods impact on development (Sample great depression)
Multiple causation (biological sociocultural psychological and historical contribute)
What do cross sectional designs do?
Compares performances of people at the same life stage
Eg risk factors and no risk factors and disease and no disease in the selected sample
What is the Dunedin longitude study?
A study that looks at a cohort of people over their life
From 1037 kids born in 1972-73
Most renown and used study and data
What are the steps in the scientific method as an ongoing process?
Make observations > Think of interesting questions> Formulate hypotheses> Develop testable prediction> Gather data to test predictions>
Either
refine, altar, expand or reject hypotheses> or develop general theories>
If the first then re-develop testable prediction
> gather data to test predictions again
What are the two major methods of data collection?
Self report
Behavioural observation
What is data collection -self report?
Interviews questions and surveys
You are relatively inexpensive, larger Sample sizes and straightforward to conduct and collect
Self-report bias, accuracy cultural and age issues (example young infants can’t read alright)
What is data collection -Behavioural observation?
Naturalistic (in own settings), real life without interruption and structured with research are creating situation and observing reactions
Can be expensive, time-consuming, observer effects (on participants), investigator reliability and coding
What is longitudinal designs?
When the performance of one group of individuals is assessed repeatedly over time
Involves the use of the cohort (baby boomers Vietnam vets etc)
Extensive, time-consuming, attrition
What is the experimental method to explain developmental stuff?
Investigator manipulates or alters some aspect of the participants environment to assess its affect on their behaviour (example Batman helping kids or farm animals and how this affects children either more aggressively or helping)
What is the correlation method?
Majority of research is correlational
Not about causation
Compares whether 2 or more variables are related
It’s just about how strong the relationship between the variables are
No experimental manipulation or treatment conditions here
What are two important aspects when evaluating research methods?
Reliability – (does the test or method consistently measure what is being studied)
Validity – (does the test or message accurately measure the variable construct)
