Intro Flashcards
gestational age
37-42 weeks is considered full term
Germination period
Embryonic period
Fetal period: 8 weeks to term “fetus”
neonate/newborn=
first couple weeks
infant =
to 12 months
APGAR score
10 point scale
Given at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
Most babies don’t have a 10 right away, anything >7 is good
Heart Rate:
0= absent
1= < 100
2= > 100
Resp Rate:
0= absent
1= slow & irregular
2= good, crying
Muscle Tone:
0= limp
1= some flexion & ext
2= active movement
Reflex Irritability:
0= no response
1= grimace
2= cough or sneeze
Color:
0= blue
1= pink, blue extremities
2= pink
Reflexes are ____ at birth
present at birth and are integrated
develop to assist the child
primitive reflexes at birth, over time become integrated (increased myelination, increased strength and weight, exposure to different positions and increased stimulation)
protective response reflex later develop as infant grows
what are 2 feeding reflexes?
1- rooting reflex
2- sucking reflex
what is the rooting reflex?
touch to cheek results in turning head to same side with mouth open
disappears usually by 3 months
interferes with oral motor development, development of midline control of head, optical righting, visual tracking and social interaction
what is the sucking reflex?
touch to lips, tongue, palate results in automatic sucking
follows the rooting and allows the infant to take in food
disappears by 6 months
interferes with progression of oral motor foods and solid intake
what is the moro reflex?
head drop into/ suddenly results in arm abduction then adduction
disappears by 5 months
interferes with balance reactions and protective responses in sitting, eye-hand coordination, visual tracking
what is the startle reflex?
loud, sudden noise results in Moro response with elbows flexed and hands closed
disappears by 5 months
interferes as Moro and also social interaction and attention
what are 2 grasping reflexes?
1- palmar grasp
2- plantar grasp
what is the palmer grasp reflex?
pressure in infant’s palm results in strong fist and grip then a slow release
disappears by 4 months
interferes with ability to grasp and release objects voluntarily, weight bear on open hand
what is the plantar grasp reflex?
pressure to base of toes results in toe flexion
disappears by 9 months
interferes with ability to stand with flat feet, balance reactions and weight shifting in standing
what are 3 attitudinal reflexes?
1- Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
2- Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)
3- Tonic labyinthine reflex
what is ATNR?
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
head turned to 1 side results in arm & leg extension on face side and flexion on scalp side
disappears by 6 months
interferes with feeding, tracking, midline use of hands, B hand use, rolling, crawling, and can lead to skeletal deformities
what is STNR?
Symmetrical tonic neck reflex
neck flexion produces UE flexion and LE extension
neck extension produces UE / and LE flexion
normal age from 6-8 months
interferes with POE (prone on elbows), quad, crawling, sitting balance looking and use of hands in this position
what is TLR?
tonic labyrinthine reflex
in supine, body and extremities are in extension and in prone they are in flexion
disappears by 6 months
interferes with ability to initiate rolling, POE, supine to sit, balance in sitting or standing
what are 4 protective extension reflexes?
1- parachute response
2- forward sitting
3- sideways sitting
4- backwards sitting
what is the parachute response?
quick displacement of trunk downward with child suspended in prone at 45 degrees results in arm extension
present at 4 months
what is protective extension in forward sitting?
push child forward in siting and arms should extend to catch weight
present in 6-7 months
what is protective extension in sideways sitting?
displace trunk to each side and should extend arms to same side to catch weight
present at 6-7 months
what is protective extension in backwards sitting?
pull child backwards and should response with arm extension to support weight
present at 9-12 months
what are 2 upright reflexes?
1- positive standing reflex
2- walking reflex/stepping reflex
what is the positive standing reflex?
when weight placed on balls of feet child stiffens legs and trunk into extension
disappears at 2 months
interferences with standing, walking, weight shift in standing, plantar flexor contracture
what is the walking reflex/stepping reflex?
supported upright on soles of feet results in flexion and extension of LEs
disappears at 2 months
interferes with standing, walking, balance reactions, weight shift standing, development of smooth coordinated reciprocal LE movements
dynamical systems (Thelen- 1990’s)
What is the View on “stages”?
apparent stages of development are actually states of relative stability arising from the self-organizing, emergent properties of a multitude of systems, each developing at its own continuous rate
dynamical systems (Thelen- 1990’s)
What is the driving force for development?
The individual develops as the organism recognizes the affordances of the environment and selects (self-organizes) the more appropriate available responses to tasks
Dynamical Systems (Thelen- 1990’s)
what are the building blocks of development?
multiple cooperating systems with individual rates of development and self-motivated exploration of the environment
what are the Dynamic Systems Theory of Motor Control?
1- pattern generation of the coordinative structures leading to reciprocal LE activity, consisting primarily of alternative flexor muscle activation
2- development of reciprocal muscle activity of flexor and extensor muscles
3- strength of extensor muscles needed for opposing the force of gravity
4- changes in body size and composition
5- antigravity control of upright posture of the head and trunk
6- appropriate decoupling of the tight synchronization of characteristics of early reciprocal LE movements, such that the knee moves out of phase with the hip and ankle
7- visual flow sensitivity required to maintain posture while moving through the environment
8- ability to recognize the requirements of the task and be motivated to move toward a goal
what are factors for motor development?
CNS maturation (cognition/motivation)
musculoskeletal changes (body size)
cardiorespiratory changes
environment– opportunity to practice
what is the relationship between development and motor skills?
cephalo> caudal GM>FM proximal>distal stability >mobility flexibility > mobility
development is “stage like” with fluctuating between them
sensitive periods
what is the developmental sequence?
wide variety of normal
a typical baby progresses to the next skill before mastering the previous one
gross and fine motor skills at 1 y/o:
13-15 months:
GROSS: high kneel, walking I, creep up stairs
FINE: place peg board, circle in puzzle, release raisin, scribble
16-18 months:
GROSS: rise to stand, walk up and down stairs with HHA1
FINE: separate pop bead
19-21months:
GROSS: kick a ball, sidestep
FINE: build 5 block tower, turn pages of cardboard book, 3 piece puzzle
22-24 months:
GROSS: throw a tennis ball, jump up, walk up stairs1
FINE: 6 blocks, imitate vertical stroke
gross and fine motor skills at 2 y/o:
GROSS:
25-27 months: walk down stairs I
28-30 months: walk on tip toes, few alt steps on beam/line
31-33 months: SLS 3 sec, jump fwd 2 ft
34-36 months: catches a ball, rides tricycle, walks with heel-toe gait, narrow BOS, reciprocal arm swing
FINE:
25-28 months: snips w/ scissors, imitates horizontal stroke, circular scribble, strings 2 beads
29-30 months: 4 block train, 10 block tower
31-36 months: block designs, copies a circle, show hand preference
the 3 y/o child:
alternates get when ascending stairs rides a tricycle hop briefly feeds themselves hold cup with one hand toilet trained behaviors vary
the 4 y/o child:
walks down stairs alternating feet catch ball with hands only roller skate/ride bike enjoys athletic activities button large buttons lace shoelaces dress I self-confident
the 5 y/o child:
skip jump fwd 2 ft climb well jump rope acrobatics play blocks enjoy helping at home
the 6 y/o child:
constantly moving
awkwardness with motor skills
self-care development:
14 months: finger foods
15 months: use of spoon
signs of concern:
- coughing/choking during or after eating
- change in vocal quality
- loss of food/liquid from mouth
- food remains in mouth after swallow
- difficulty transitioning between food stages
speech development at 6 months?
localize sounds
speech development at 12 months?
ID common objects and produce single words
speech development at 18 months?
20 words
speech development at 2 years?
should understand 25-50%
50 words
speech development at 3 years?
should understand 75%
cognition development at 12 months?
object permanence
cognition development at 15 months?
imitate body action on a doll
cognition development at 27 months?
match two sets of objects by item; imitate a model from memory
cognition development at 31 months?
match 2 sets of objects by color
social/emotional/play skills:
4 months:
12 months:
24 months:
4 months: smiling
12 months: performing for social attention
24 months: imitating actions/movements/pretend play
what are signs of concern for social/emotional/play skill development?
no contact with peers/adults
fixating on toys that spin
not demonstrating appropriate play with toys
overly upset with change or transitions
significant difficulty attending to tasks
