intro

Question 1

what is immunology

Answer 1

the study of the immune system

Question 2

what is immunity

Answer 2

protection against pathogens causing infection

Question 3

what is the immune system

Answer 3

a collection of cells, tissues and molecules that mediate immune reactions

Question 4

what is active immunity

Answer 4

induced in an individual by infection or vaccination

Question 5

what is passive immunity

Answer 5

conferred on an individual by transfer of antibodies from an actively immunised individual

Question 6

what is herd immunity

Answer 6

based on pre-existing immunity of a high proportion of individuals as a result of previous infection or vaccination.

Question 7

what is an immune response

Answer 7

the coordinated response of immune cells and molecules to pathogens and other substances

Question 8

what can some cancers be treated with

Answer 8

• cancer immunotherapy
• stimulates immune response against tumour cells

Question 9

what can an abnormal immune response cause

Answer 9

• inflammatory diseases
• autoimmune diseases

Question 10

what needs immune suppression

Answer 10

immune response damages transplanted issue and is the major barrier to success of organ transplant

Question 11

what is an immune suppressant

Answer 11

corticoid steroids - adrenal glands
- produced when body is stressed causing a weaker immune system

Question 12

what are the roles of the immune system,

Answer 12

• defence against infection
• defence agains tumours
• control of tissue regeneration and scarring
• cell injury and pathologic inflammation
• recognition of injury to tissue graft and newly introduced proteins

Question 13

what was the first vaccine

Answer 13

small pox in 1796 by Edward Jenner
- inoculated 8 yr old boy with cowpox matter

Question 14

what is innate immunity

Answer 14

• more specialised adaptive immunity
• prepared to bloc the entry of microbes and to rapidly eliminate microbes that do succeed In entering host tissue

Question 15

what are the 2 levels of innate immunity

Answer 15

• epithelial barrier
• chemical barrier

Question 16

what are the characteristics of innate immunity

Answer 16

non specific - can function independently of adaptive immunity
- no memory

Question 17

what are the cells involved in innate immunity

Answer 17

• macropages
• natural killer cells
• monocytes
• neutrophils
• dendritic cells
• mast cells
• eosinophils
• basophils
• certain proteins

Question 18

what receptor in innate immunity detect microbial

Answer 18

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
- directly recognise specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic cells and damaged or aging cells
- beige non specific and specific immunity

Question 19

what is specific/ acquired immunity

Answer 19

proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes in repose to microbes before it can provide effective disease

Question 20

what is adaptive immunity

Answer 20

response that takes a few days

Question 21

what is the potency of adaptive immune responses due to

Answer 21

• increase in the number of microbe specific lymphocytes
• highly specialised function of different lymphocytes
• enhanced responses seen upon repeat exposure to the same microbe

Question 22

what cells are involved in adaptive immunity

Answer 22

• t-cells
• b-cells
• plasma cells
• antibodies

Question 23

what are the key stages in immune response

Answer 23

Start- pathogen signal
middle - cell signalling, pathway and cascade
end - some sort of change in cell function

Question 24

what are leukocytes

Answer 24

• circulating white blood cells
• tissue resident cells

Question 25

what are chemokines

Answer 25

- chemo taxis - chemical movement

Question 26

what are cytokines

Answer 26

- small messenger molecules - immune regulation

Question 27

where is primary lymphoid tissue found

Answer 27

thymus and bone marrow

Question 28

what is an antigen

Answer 28

molecule that may be specifically bound by an antibody

Question 29

what is an epitope

Answer 29

specific site on an antigen that interacts directly with an antibody binding site

Question 30

what is an antibody/ immunoglobulin

Answer 30

large, Y shaped protein that binds to specific epitopes allowing pathogens to be neutralised

Question 31

what is a hapten

Answer 31

a low molecular weight compound that cannot elicit an immune response alone but can when bound to specific antibodies or carrier molecules

Question 32

what is an immunogen

Answer 32

any antigen that is capable of inducing an immune response rather than immunological tolerance

Question 33

what do cytokines act on

Answer 33

- immune cells - epithelial cells - bone marrow - neurones and glia - hepatocytes - endothelial cells

Question 34

what is pleiotropy

Answer 34

can cause many different effects eg. cytokines

Question 35

what are the 2 levels of immune recognition

Answer 35

common molecular patterns - non specific, innate subtle variations between pathogens - specific, adaptive

Question 36

what is the initial recognition of pathogens

Answer 36

- microbes recognised by tissue leukocytes - leukocytes express pattern recognition receptors - pattern recognition receptors recognise pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 37

what recognition signals do dying body cells have

Answer 37

damage/ danger associated molecular patterns

Question 38

what can microbe associated molecular patterns be used for

Answer 38

- determine severity of infection - cancer and stem cells research

Question 39

what does PRR do

Answer 39

initial activation signals for innate immune response later priming the adaptive immune response

Question 40

what is the differences between families of receptors

Answer 40

have different cellular locations

Question 41

where are TLRs found

Answer 41

plasma membranes and endosomes

Question 42

where are NLRs found

Answer 42

cytosol

Question 43

where are soluble PRRs found

Answer 43

lysozyme, C reactive protein, mannose binding lectin

Question 44

what are the steps in TLR signalling

Answer 44

- microbe interacts with TLRs - adaptor proteins recruit to TLR cytoplasmic domains - associated of protein kinases to adaptor proteins - activation of transcription factors - functional immune response

Question 45

what are B lymphocytes

Answer 45

antigen specific receptors which are membrane bound immunoglobulins - antibodies interact directly with epitopes on antigens

Question 46

what are t lymphocytes

Answer 46

- has T cell receptors - only recognises processed antigens

Question 47

describe clonal expansion of B lymphocytes

Answer 47

- dendritic cells present processed antigens to T helper cells - T helper cells activate B cells which proliferate and produce antibody secreting plasma and memory B cells

Question 48

what is chemotaxis

Answer 48

unidirectional movement of cells along a concentration gradient of chemotactic molecules

Question 49

what is immunological memory

Answer 49

the ability of the immune system to remember past encounters with pathogens and respond more quickly and effectively upon re -exposure

Question 50

what are the steps in immunological memory

Answer 50

- clonal expansion of B and T lymphocytes creating active memory cells - secondary memory response is rapid and aggressive