intro Flashcards

1
Q

Life, one’s life, lifetime

A

Bios

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2
Q

Study of

A

Logos

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3
Q

The study of life

A

Biology

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4
Q

The science that deals with structures,
functions, and relationships of living things and their environment

A

Biology

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5
Q

3 Major Branches of Biology

A

Microbiology
Botany
Zoology

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6
Q

– study of microorganisms
– study of plants
– study of animals

A

✓ Microbiology
✓ Botany
✓ Zoology

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7
Q

9 Traditional Branches of Biology

A

TAXONOMY
CYTOLOGY
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
BIOCHEMISTRY
GENETICS
EVOLUTION
ECOLOGY

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8
Q

Study of naming and classifying
organisms.

A

TAXONOMY

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9
Q

Study of structures and functions of
cells.

A

CYTOLOGY

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10
Q

Study of formation and development
of organisms.

A

EMBRYOLOGY

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11
Q

Study of structures and parts of
organisms.

A

ANATOMY

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12
Q

Study of functions of the organisms
and their parts.

A

PHYSIOLOGY

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13
Q

Study of biochemical compositions
and process of living things.

A

BIOCHEMISTRY

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14
Q

Study of heredity and variation.

A

GENETICS

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15
Q

Study of origin and differentiation of
organisms.

A

EVOLUTION

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16
Q

Study of relationships of organisms
with each other and their environment.

A

ECOLOGY

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17
Q

6 Modern Branches of Biology

A

BIOINFORMATICS
GENOMICS
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
PHARMACOGENOMICS
PROTEOMICS
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY

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18
Q

Study of biological data using computer programs

A

BIOINFORMATICS

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19
Q

Study of the entire genetic material of an organism

A

GENOMICS

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20
Q

Study of molecules that make up the cells of living organisms

A

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

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21
Q

Study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs

A

PHARMACOGENOMICS

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22
Q

Study of the different proteins in an organism

A

PROTEOMICS

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23
Q

Study of combined biology and engineering

A

SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY

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24
Q

12 Branches of Zoology

A

CRYPTOZOOLOGY
ENTOMOLOGY
MAMMOLOGY
PARASITOLOGY
HERPETOLOGY
ETHNOZOOLOGY
PRIMATOLOGY
ANTHROPOLOGY
PALEONTOLOGY
ICHTYOLOGY
ORNITHOLOGY
MYCOLOGY

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25
Q

Study of unknown species of animals

A

CRYPTOZOOLOGY

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26
Q

Study of insects

A

ENTOMOLOGY

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27
Q

Study of mammals

A

MAMMOLOGY

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28
Q

Study of parasites

A

PARASITOLOGY

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29
Q

Study of reptiles and amphibians

A

HERPETOLOGY

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30
Q

Study of the ways in which animals influence the people they interact with.

A

ETHNOZOOLOGY

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31
Q

Study of primates

A

PRIMATOLOGY

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32
Q

Study of human kind

A

ANTHROPOLOGY

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33
Q

Study of pre-historic organisms

A

PALEONTOLOGY

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34
Q

Study of fishes

A

ICHTYOLOGY

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35
Q

Study of birds

A

ORNITHOLOGY

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36
Q

Study of fungi

A

MYCOLOGY

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37
Q

2 Early Beliefs about the Origin of Life

A

ABIOGENESIS
BIOGENESIS

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38
Q

‘Spontaneous Generation’; it is the belief that life originates from nonliving matter

A

ABIOGENESIS

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39
Q

The belief that life originates from pre-existing life

A

BIOGENESIS

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40
Q

Challenge the idea of Spontaneous Generation

Experiment Set-up:
1) Meat inside an uncovered jar
2) Meat inside a covered jar

Result: Maggots did not form from the covered jar

A

Redi’s Experiment
FRANCESCO REDI

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41
Q

Supports the idea of Spontaneous Generation

Experiment Set-up:
1) A flask with a culture of microorganism inside
2) The flask was boiled and sealed afterwards

Result: Microorganisms grew from the flask

A

Needham’s Experiment
JOHN NEEDHAM

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42
Q

Challenge the experiment of Needham

Experiment Set-up:
1) 2 flasks containing meat and vegetables were both heated
2) 1 flask was sealed after heating

Result: Culture of microorganisms grew from the uncovered flask

A

Spallanzani’s Experiment
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI

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43
Q

Most scientists were convinced that Spontaneous Generation does not occur

Experiment Set-up:
1) Sugar solution with yeast inside a flask with long neck was boiled
2) The neck of the flask was later cut

Result:
1) No microorganism was formed from the flask with long neck
2) Microorganisms grew from the flask without a long neck

A

Pasteur’s Experiment
LOUIS PASTEUR

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44
Q

3 Current Beliefs about the Origin of Life

A

DIVINE CREATION
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
PANSPERMIA

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45
Q

_ – it is the belief that life forms and everything in the universe were created through a supernatural power rather than a naturalistic means

○ Six-day period

A

DIVINE CREATION
Creationism

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46
Q

It is the belief that the first life evolved from inanimate matter

A

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

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47
Q

Simple molecules were struck by lightning which triggered the creation the key building blocks of life on Earth

A

Miller-Urey Experiment

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48
Q

It proposes that a meteor or cosmic dust may have carried to Earth significant amounts of organic molecules, which have
started the evolution of life

A

PANSPERMIA

SVANTE ARRHENIUS

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49
Q

Living and interacting with
the environment

Responding to changes in the surroundings

Adapting and evolving

Maintaining internal balance

Gathering and using energy

Reproducing and continuing life

A

Unifying Themes about Life

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50
Q

Gathering and Using Energy

● _ – it is the ability of organisms to do work
● Green plants obtain energy from sunlight to undergo _
● Humans and animals obtain energy from other _

A

ENERGY

photosynthesis

organisms

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51
Q

Gathering and Using Energy

● _ _ – the process by which energy is released by the breakdown of food
● _ – the sum of all chemical processes and energy changes happening inside the body of an organism

A

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

METABOLISM

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52
Q

Gathering and Using Energy

THREE METABOLIC PROCESSES

A

Nutrient uptake
Nutrient processing
Waste elimination

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53
Q

Humans and animals derive energy
indirectly from the sun by ingesting food

A

1) Nutrient uptake

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54
Q

Green plants obtain energy directly from
sunlight via photosynthesis

A

2) Nutrient processing

55
Q

Fungi obtain energy by absorbing
nutrients from dead or living organisms

A

3) Waste elimination

56
Q

Maintaining Internal Balance

_ – the process of removing wastes (E.g. CO2, H2O, mineral salts, and nitrogenous waste)

● EXCRETORY ORGANS
● Skin ● Liver ● Large Intestine
● Lungs ● Kidneys ● Urinary bladder

57
Q

Maintaining Internal Balance

_ – the maintenance of the body’s internal environment
● All metabolic processes must be coordinated and regulated

A

HOMEOSTASIS

58
Q

Responding, Adapting, and Evolving

● _ or _ – the ability of an organism to move from one place to another by walking, flying, swimming, gliding, jumping, etc.
● All metabolic processes must be coordinated and regulated

Cnidarian
Sponges
Plants
Cilia
Flagella
Pseudopods

A

MOTILITY or LOCOMOTION

59
Q

Responding, Adapting, and Evolving

● _ or _ – the ability of an organism to respond appropriately to stimulus
● _ or _ – the
reaction of an organism to stimuli

A

IRRITABILITY or SENSITIVITY

TROPISM or RESPONSE

60
Q

Responding, Adapting, and Evolving

● _ ADAPTATION – the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in the environment

A

INDIVIDUAL ADAPTATION

61
Q

Responding, Adapting, and Evolving

● _ ADAPTATION – it is the gradual or rapid change in body structure or behavior to be better suited to survive in a new environment

A

EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION

62
Q

Responding, Adapting, and Evolving

3 MODIFIED STRUCTURES

A

Stick insect
Leaf insect
Hummingbird

63
Q

Reproducing and Continuing Life

● _ – it is an increase in size and volume. It is associated with the replacement of damaged cells, death of cells, and growth of new cells such as in wound healing

○ _ – growth from WITHIN among living things
○ _ – growth from the OUTSIDE among nonliving things

A

GROWTH

INTUSSUSCEPTION

ACCRETION

64
Q

● _ REPRODUCTION – it is the union of the sex cells of two parents to produce a unique individual of their kind
● _ REPRODUCTION – it occurs when an organism makes a copy of itself

A

SEXUAL
ASEXUAL

65
Q

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Fragmentation
Budding
Binary Fission

66
Q

Living and Interacting

ORGANIZATION OF LIFE IN VERTICAL DIMENSION

A

Atom
Molecule
Cell organelles
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System of organs
Organism
Population
Ecosystem
Bioma
Biosphere

67
Q

Living and Interacting

ORGANIZATION OF LIFE IN HORIZONTAL DIMENSION

A

Doman Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
* Eubacteria
Domain Archaea (Prokaryotes)
* Archaebacteria
Domains of Life
Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)
* Protista
* Plantae
* Fungi
* Animalia

68
Q

Organ Systems
* I
* N
* S
* E
* M
* C

  • L
  • U
  • R
  • D
  • R
A
  • Integumentary system
  • Nervous system
  • Skeletal system
  • Endocrine system
  • Muscular system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Urinary system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Reproductive system
69
Q

Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
Nails

A

Integumentary system

70
Q

Protects against environmental hazards
Helps regulate body temperature
Provides sensory information

A

Integumentary system

71
Q

Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sense organs

A

Nervous system

72
Q

Directs immediate responses to stimuli
Coordinates or moderates activities or other organ systems
Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

A

Nervous system

73
Q

Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow

A

Skeletal system

74
Q

Provides support and protection for other tissues
Stores calcium and other minerals
Forms blood cells

A

Skeletal system

75
Q

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Gonads (testes and ovaries)
Endocrine tissues in other systems

A

Endocrine system

76
Q

Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
Controls many structural and functional changes during development

A

Endocrine system

77
Q

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses (tendinous sheet)

A

Muscular system

78
Q

Provides movement
Provides protection and support for other tissues
Generates heat that maintains body temperature

A

Muscular system

79
Q

Heart
Blood
Blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular system

80
Q

Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

A

Cardiovascular system

81
Q

Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils

A

Lymphatic system

82
Q

Defends against infection and disease
Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

A

Lymphatic system

83
Q

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

A

Urinary system

84
Q

Excretes waste products from the blood
Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

A

Urinary system

85
Q

Nasal cavities
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli

A

Respiratory system

86
Q

Delivers air into alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occur)
Provides oxygen to bloodstream
Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
Produces sounds for communication

A

Respiratory system

87
Q

Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

A

Digestive system

88
Q

Processes and digests food
Absorbs and conserves water
Absorbs nutrients (ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins and fats)
Stores energy reserves

A

Digestive system

89
Q

Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Penis
Scrotum

A

Male reproductive system

90
Q

Produces mall sex cells (sperms) and hormones

A

Male reproductive system

91
Q

Primary difference between organic
compounds and inorganic compounds

A

Organic compounds ALWAYS contain
carbon while most inorganic compounds do
NOT contain carbon

Example:
Organic: Glucose
Inorganic: Water

92
Q

2 ESSENTIAL INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

A
  1. WATER
  2. SALTS
93
Q

❖ 2 atoms of Hydrogen (H2) and 1 atom of Oxygen (O)
❖ 71% of the Earth’s surface
- 97.5% - Saline water
- 2.50% - Freshwater
❖ Universal Solvent to hydrophilic substances

94
Q

❖ It is a compound that releases ions other than H+ or OH- when dissolved in water.
❖ It is dissolved into ions such as sodium, potassium, or calcium

NaOH + HCl → H2O and NaCl

95
Q

4 ESSENTIAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

A
  1. CARBOHYDRATES
  2. LIPIDS
  3. PROTEINS
  4. NUCLEIC ACIDS
96
Q

ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE _ , BUILT FROM _

A

POLYMERS

MONOMERS

97
Q

✓ Include sugars and the
polymers of sugars
✓ Serves as ‘fuel’ and ‘building material’

✓ _ – simplest carbohydrates; single sugars
✓ _ – polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

A
  1. CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides
Polysaccharides

98
Q

Monosaccharides
Glucose + Fructose
Glucose + Galactose
Glucose + Glucose

Disaccharides
Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

A

DISACCHARIDES

99
Q

The polymers of sugars, have storage
and structural roles

A

POLYSACCHARIDES

100
Q

2 types of Polysaccharide

A

Storage and structural

101
Q

✓ _ – is a storage polysaccharide in animals
✓ Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in _ and _ cells

A

STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDES

Glycogen
liver and muscle cells

102
Q

✓ _ – found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
✓ Chitin also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi

A

STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES

Chitin

103
Q

✓ The one class of large biological
molecules that do NOT form polymers
✓ The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for water
✓ Hydrophobic because they
consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which
form _ covalent bonds
✓ The most biologically important lipids are
_, _, and _

A
  1. LIPIDS

nonpolar
fats, phospholipids, and steroids

104
Q

✓ Solvent for fat-soluble vitamins and
hormones
✓ Prevents water loss from skin surface
✓ Essential parts of cell structures such as
cell membranes
✓ Insulating materials to prevent heat loss
and protection against extreme cold
✓ Source and storage of energy

A

IMPORTANCE OF LIPIDS

105
Q

Saturated fat
meats, butter, dairy products
solid at room temperature
increase levels of “bad” cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein)
clogs arteries

Unsaturated fat
vegetable oils
liquid at room temperature
increase levels of “good” cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein)
“grabs” HDL and escorts it to the liver where LDL is broken down and eventually removed from the body

A

IMPORTANCE OF LIPIDS

106
Q

✓ Account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells
✓ Include a diversity of structures,
resulting in a wide range of functions

▪ Functions include:
structural support
storage
transport
cellular communications
movement
defense against foreign substances

107
Q

8 TYPES OF PROTEINS

A

Enzymatic
Defensive
Storage
Transport
Hormonal
Receptor
Contractile and motor
Structural

108
Q

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Protection against disease

Storage of amino acids

Transport of substances

Coordination of an organism’s activities

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Movement

Support

A

Enzymatic

Defensive

Storage

Transport

Hormonal

Receptor

Contractile and motor

Structural

109
Q

2 PROTEIN DEFICIENCY

A

KWASHIORKOR (bulging abdomen)
MARASMUS (loss of muscle mass)

110
Q

✓ Store, transmit, and help express hereditary information
✓ The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a _
▪ Genes are made of _, a nucleic acid
made of monomers called _
✓ There are two types of nucleic acids
▪ _ acid (DNA)
▪ _ acid (RNA)

A
  1. NUCLEIC ACIDS

gene
DNA; nucleotides

▪ Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
▪ Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

111
Q

3 OTHER ESSENTIAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

A

VITAMINS
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

112
Q

✓ Essential, but in small amounts
✓ Do not provide energy
✓ It includes substances that animals
can only get from the foods they eat
because they could not be
synthesized inside the body.

113
Q

4 FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS (ADEK)

A

VITAMIN A: RETINOL
VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL
VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL
VITAMIN K

114
Q

✓ Carotenoid/Beta-carotene

IMPORTANCE:
1. Vision
2. Maintenance of Tissues
3. Antioxidants
4. Reproduction

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Xerophthalmia

A

VITAMIN A: RETINOL

115
Q

✓ D_ – calciferol
✓ D
– _calciferol

IMPORTANCE:
1. Pro-hormone
2. Promotion of Ca and P absorption

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Rickets
✓ Osteomalacia

A

VITAMIN D: CALCIFEROL
✓ D2 – Ergocalciferol
✓ D3 – Cholecalciferol

116
Q

IMPORTANCE:
1. Antioxidant

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Hemolytic anemia

A

VITAMIN E: TOCOPHEROL

117
Q

✓ K_ – quinone
✓ K
- _quinone

IMPORTANCE:
1. Newborn babies

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Blood coagulation problems

A

VITAMIN K

✓ K1 – Phylloquinone
✓ K2 - Menaquinone

118
Q

9 WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

A

VITAMIN B1: THIAMINE
VITAMIN B2: RIBOFLAVIN
VITAMIN B3: NIACIN
VITAMIN B5: PANTOTHENIC ACID
VITAMIN B6: PYRIDOXINE
VITAMIN B7: BIOTIN (a.k.a VITAMIN H)
VITAMIN B10: FOLATE
VITAMIN B12: COBALAMIN
VITAMIN C: ASCORBIC ACID

119
Q

IMPORTANCE:
1. CHO metabolism

SOURCES:
✓ Unrefined rice, enriched cereals

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Beri-beri

A

VITAMIN B1: THIAMINE

120
Q

IMPORTANCE:
1. CHO, CHON, and fat metabolism

SOURCES:
✓ Milk, meats, poultry, enriched bread

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Cheilitis, glossitis, dermatitis

A

VITAMIN B2: RIBOFLAVIN

121
Q

IMPORTANCE:
1. Co-enzyme in energy metabolism

SOURCES:
✓ Meats, poultry, and fish

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Pellagra

A

VITAMIN B3: NIACIN

122
Q

IMPORTANCE:
1. Metabolism and absorption, hormone synthesis

SOURCES:
✓ Mushrooms, avocados, potatoes, and brocolli

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Unknown natural deficiency

A

VITAMIN B5: PANTOTHENIC ACID

123
Q

IMPORTANCE:
1. CHO and CHON metabolism and absorption

SOURCES:
✓ Fish, beef liver and other organ meats, starchy vegetables

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Irritability
✓ Depression

A

VITAMIN B6: PYRIDOXINE

124
Q

IMPORTANCE:
1. Coenzyme for fatty and amino acids
2. Treatment for seborrheic dermatitis

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Nausea
✓ Anemia
✓ Pallor

A

VITAMIN B7: BIOTIN (a.k.a VITAMIN H)

125
Q

IMPORTANCE:
1. DNA Synthesis
2. CHON metabolism
3. Hemoglobin formation

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Spina bifida
✓ Anencephaly

A

VITAMIN B10: FOLATE

126
Q

IMPORTANCE:
1. Folate metabolism
2. Myelin sheath maintenance
3. RBC formation

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Anemia
✓ Nervous system damage

A

VITAMIN B12: COBALAMIN

127
Q

IMPORTANCE:
1. Antioxidant
2. Intercellular cement
3. Iron enhancer

DEFICIENCY:
✓ Scurvy
✓ Poor wound healing

A

VITAMIN C: ASCORBIC ACID

128
Q

Scientific Method 6

A

1 * Observation
2 * Hypothesis
3 * Experiment
4 * Results
5 * Conclusion
6 * Share!

129
Q

Identifying and clearly defining the problem

A

OBSERVATION

130
Q

Formulating a possible logical answer to the identified problem; educated guess

A

HYPOTHESIS

131
Q

Conducting controlled attempts to test one or more hypotheses and includes recording and analyzing results

○ _ Group – unexposed variable
○ _ Group – manipulated variable

A

EXPERIMENTATION

○ Control Group – unexposed variable
○ Experimental Group – manipulated variable

132
Q

An _ group, also known as a treatment group, receives the treatment whose effect researchers wish to study,
whereas a _ group does not.

A

experimental; control

133
Q

Formulating generalization about the
results that may accept, reject or modify the hypothesis

○ _ – a set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of phenomena, especially one that has been tested or is widely accepted

A

CONCLUSION

Theories