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immunology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical and physiological barriers

A
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2
Q

what are mechanical, chemical and physiological barriers

A
  • Mechanical Barriers: Physical structures that block pathogens, like skin and mucus, which trap or prevent entry.
  • Chemical Barriers: Substances that destroy or inhibit pathogens, such as stomach acid, saliva enzymes, or sweat.
  • Physiological Barriers: Body responses that make environments unfavourable for pathogens, like fever or pH changes in certain body parts.
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3
Q

Mechanical, chemical and microbiological barriers - give examples

A
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4
Q

top 3 deaths from mucosal infections

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5
Q

haematopoiesis

A

The commitment and differentiation processes that leads to the formation of all blood cells from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells - (process by which blood cells are formed)

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6
Q

how many new cells are made by bone marrow everyday

A

Bone marrow (makes 10 to the 11 new cells each day in an adult)

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7
Q

haematopoiesis diagram

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8
Q

neutrophil function

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9
Q

macrophage function

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10
Q

Eosinophil function

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11
Q

Dendritic Cell function

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12
Q

Natural Killer Cell function

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13
Q

B cell function

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14
Q

T Helper Cell function

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15
Q

Cytotoxic T Cellfunction

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16
Q

what are humoral components

A

Humoral components are parts of the immune system found in body fluids (like blood and lymph) that help fight infections

17
Q

list 5 humoral components and their function

A
18
Q

describe cytokines

A
19
Q

list all the cytokine families

A
20
Q

what are interleukins (IL)

A

Interleukins (IL) – produced by many cells, over 30 types

  • Can be pro-inflammatory (e.g. IL-1) or anti-inflammatory (e.g. IL-10)
  • Can cause cells to divide, differentiate and secrete other factors
21
Q

what are interferons (IFN)

A

Interferons (IFN) - induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells & limit the spread of viral infection.

  • IFNa & b - produced by virus infected cells, IFNg - produced by activated Th1 cells
22
Q

Tumour Necrosis Factors (TNF)

A
  • Tumour Necrosis Factors (TNF) - mediate inflammation and cytotoxic reactions
23
Q

Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)

A

Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF) - involved in directing the division and differentiation on bone marrow stem cells – precursors of leukocytes

24
Q

chemokines

A
  • Chemokines are a type of cytokine that guide the movement of cells from the bloodstream to tissues or lymph organs.
  • They are a group of about 40 small proteins (8-10 kDa) that bind to specific receptors.

Chemokines are categorized based on cysteine (C) patterns:

  • CC chemokines: Two cysteine residues next to each other.
  • CXC chemokines: Cysteine residues separated by one amino acid
25
Q

difference between chemokines and cytokines

A

Cytokines: General signalling proteins in the immune system that help cells communicate and regulate immune responses (e.g., inflammation, cell growth, or immunity).

Chemokines: A specific type of cytokine that guides immune cells to where they’re needed, like to sites of infection or injury. They act as “cellular beacons,” directing cells to move to target areas.

26
Q

class and cells attracted cytokines

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27
Q

where are cytokines released from

A
28
Q

cytokines examples - local and systemic effects

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29
Q

acute phase response - cytokines examples and parts of body examples

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30
Q

name four system based humoral components and their functions

A
31
Q

describe the complement system

A

Enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism

32
Q

inflammation definition

A

A series of reactions that brings cells and molecules of the immune system to sites of infection or damage

33
Q

5 cardinal signs

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pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function (Latin: calor, dolor, rubor, tumor, and functio laesa)

34
Q

hallmarks of inflammation

A
  • Increased blood supply
  • Increased vascular permeability
  • Increased leukocyte trans-endothelial migration ‘extravasation’
35
Q

inflammatory steps response

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36
Q

required response - inflammatory

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immunology (8 decks)

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