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Endocrine system > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers

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2
Q

Where are hormones secreted into

A

Directly into bloodstream

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3
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

They are ductless with rich blood supply. They typically act on tissues distant from source

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4
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

They may or may not have excretory ducts. They release secretions onto epithelial surface

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5
Q

What are the 3 main types of hormones

A

Proteins, steroids and amino acid derivatives

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6
Q

What are steroids synthesised from

A

Cholesterol

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7
Q

What are amino acid derivatives modified from

A

Tyrosine

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8
Q

What does an episodic hormone respond to

A

In response to physiological demand

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9
Q

What is a diurnal hormone

A

Predictable pattern over 24hr

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10
Q

What is a constant hormone

A

Fairly constant blood concentrations for normal physiological function

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of stimuli that trigger endocrine glands

A

Humoral, neuronal and hormonal

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12
Q

What is humoral stimuli

A

Circulating molecules in the blood

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13
Q

What is neuronal stimuli

A

Stress response - SNS

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14
Q

What is hormonal stimuli

A

In response to hormones produced by other endocrine glands

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15
Q

What endocrine glands coordinate the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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16
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A
  • Controls release of hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
  • Also synthesises hormones (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone) which are stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
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17
Q

What are the 2 major lobes of the pituitary gland

A
  • Anterior pituitary = adenohypophysis
  • Posterior pituitary = neurohypophysis
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18
Q

What is the adenohypophysis

A
  • Oral ectoderm derived
  • Vascular connection to hypothalamus
19
Q

What is the neurohypophysis

A
  • Neuroectoderm derived
  • Direct neural link to hypothalamus
20
Q

Where are the lobes located

A

Located in a hollow of the sphenoid bone

21
Q

What does the adenohypophysis consist of

A

Epithelial cells

22
Q

What does the adenohypophysis secrete

A
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinising hormone (LH)
  • Prolactin
23
Q

What does the neurohypophysis consist of

A

Neural tissue

24
Q

What does the neurohypophysis store

A

Hormones secreted by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus

25
Q

How are the stored hormones transported

A

Via neuronal axons to the posterior lobe

26
Q

What are the 2 hormones stored

A
  • Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin
    -Oxytocin
27
Q

What does the thyroid gland consist of

A

Two lobes covering the anterolateral surface of the trachea

28
Q

Where is the thyroid gland

A

Within the visceral compartment of the neck surrounded by the pretracheal fascia

29
Q

How does the thyroid develop in the embryo

A

As a down growth of the tongue epithelium

30
Q

Where is thyroglobulin synthesised

A

In follicular cells – stored in the follicle lumen

31
Q

How does thyroglobulin generate hormones

A

Thyroglobulin combines with iodine and endocytosed back into the follicular cells and cleaved to generate Thyroid hormone:
- Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
- Thyroxine (T4)

32
Q

What does thyroxine regulate

A
  • Rate of metabolism – energy use
  • Protein production – growth & development
  • Sensitivity of cells to other hormones
33
Q

What is the parathyroid gland

A

Two pairs of glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

34
Q

Where does the parathyroid gland develop from

A

The wall of the pharynx

35
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do

A
  • Regulates calcium homeostasis – stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone matrix and increase blood Ca++ levels
  • Promotes conversion of inactive vitamin D to active form (vit D required for absorption of Ca++ from diet)
36
Q

What are the adrenal glands

A

Paired glands situated superior to the kidneys

37
Q

What are adrenal glands comprised of

A
  • Cortex – glandular tissue derived from the mesoderm
  • Medulla – sympathetic nervous system derived from the neural crest (neuroectoderm)
38
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce

A

Steroid hormones called corticosteroids - cholesterol is the common precursor

39
Q

What are the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal complex

A
  • Zona glomerulosa - Mineralocorticoids – e.g. Aldosterone
  • Zona fasciculata - Glucocorticoids – e.g. Cortisol
  • Zona reticularis - sex steroids
40
Q

What is the cortisal feedback mechanism

A

Stimulated by stress – exercise and hypoglycaemia

Clear diurnal rhythm of activity:
- Peaks: 6 – 8 am
- Lowest: midnight – 2 am

Main effects:
- Glucose mobilisation
- Cardiovascular (blood volume)
- Sensitivity to catecholamines

41
Q

What is the adrenal medulla

A

Direct connection with the sympathetic nervous system – primed for immediate response – fight or flight

42
Q

What is the adrenal medulla the site of

A

Catecholamine synthesis and secretion

43
Q

What do chromaffin cells produce

A
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Dopamine
44
Q

What do islets of Langerhans produce

A
  • Glucagon in alpha cells
  • Insulin in beta cells

Endocrine system (2 decks)

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