Intro Flashcards
1
Q
years lost to disability
A
- mental illness has the most
- greatest burden for ages 9-49
- combined percent in adulthood more than all other causes combined
- several muscuoskeletal disorders are nervous system
2
Q
why more questions?
A
- complexity
- hundreds of cell types
- each cell interacts with dozens-thousands of others
- constantly changing nature of interactions
- produces wide range and diversity of behavioral responses or deficits
3
Q
philospohers
A
-Galneus, da Vinci, Vesalius
4
Q
three questions
A
- what is a nervous system
- why do we have one
- is ours unique
- anemone vs sun dews
5
Q
why we evolved
A
- make our lives more meaningful-beneficial to individual organism, species, or ecosystem
- selection of most meaningful/adaptive behaviors
- we create multiple representations of the outside world to steer internal decisions
6
Q
three absic functions
A
- receive information-sensation
- create internal maps of information-perception
- respond in an adaptive manner to stimuli-action
7
Q
nervous system
A
- internal and external sensory to cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord
- then out to visceral or somatic motor system to effectors
8
Q
distinguishing features of advanced nervous system
A
- cellular specializations
- areal specializations (collections of cells grouped together for common purpose)
- functional cooperation (ensembles of neurons acting in synchrony to produce desired outcome
- adaptability
- high information storage capacity
9
Q
cellular specializations
A
- at least 200 different types of neurons
- cajal and golgi
- cortical pyramidal cells
- retinal bipolar
- retinal ganglion cell
- retinal amacrine cell
- cerebellar purkinje cells
10
Q
varieties of neuroglia cells
A
- astrocyte
- oligodendrocyte
- microglial celll
- glial stem cell
- oligodendrocyte precursor
- myelinating oligodendrocyte
11
Q
astrocytes
A
- a glial cell in CNS
- star like
- long cytoplasmic processes which bridge neurons and cap endo cells
- mechanical and metabolic support
- regulate environment
- contribute to blood brain barrier and control transport of substances
- coordinate nerve pathway development
- from embryonic ectoderm
12
Q
oligodendrocyte
A
- a glial cell in CNS
- limited number of dendritic processes
- electrical insulation for a few adjacent neurons and forms part of the myelin sheath for their axons
- from embryonic ectoderm
13
Q
microglia
A
- glial cell in CNS named for its characteristic small size
- derived from hematopoetic sources and provide a protective function to nervous tissue
- can become phagocytic
14
Q
dendritic spines
A
- endings of dendrites where synapse occurs
- peak 8-12 years
15
Q
areal specializations
A
- collections of cells grouped together for a common purpose
- arabic numbering system of all the brain tissue
- neocortex-motor and visual
- paleocortex
- archicortex
- lobes, fissures
16
Q
functional cooperation
A
- ensembles of neurons acting in synchrony to produce a desired outcome
- froggy legs
- galvani’s method
17
Q
sensory/afferent neurons
A
- typically have long dendrite and short axon
- carry messages from sensory receptors to the CNS
- free with little or no myelin-most sensitive to pain and temp
- thicker arise from pacinian and meissner- light touch and vibrations
- ruffini and merkel sustained pressure
18
Q
motor/efferent neurons
A
-long axon and short dendrites and transmit messages from the CNS to the muscles or glands
19
Q
interneurons
A
-found only in CNS where they interconnect neurons
20
Q
lower level
A
-spinal cord ensembles
21
Q
upper levels
A
cortical ensembles
22
Q
simple reflex
A
- knee jerk
- hammer tap stretches tendon which stretches sensory receptors in leg extensor muscles
- sensory neurons synapses with motor neuron and interneuron
- interneuron inhibits flexor and motor neuron excites extensor muscle
- leg extends
23
Q
homunculus diagram
A
- representative of sensory receptors in body
- face lateral down to feet medial then genitals
24
Q
adaptibility
A
- functional stretch reflex
- calf muscles activate and you tilt but then our body shuts off the reflex and you don’t tilt as much and your calf stops firing
25
Q
high information storage capacity
A
- we are wired to process information even if you are not aware of it
- sensory input, association, evaluation and planning, commands for movement, motor output
