Intro Flashcards
Describe pharmacology.
-physical & chemical properties, actions, absorption, fate of chemical substances (drugs) that modify biological function
Describe the products used in animals.
- drugs (systemic)
-used for diagnosis, treatment, cure, mitigation, prevention
-affect structure or functions of body
-components of a drug - biologics
-vaccines, bacterins, antibody products, diagnostic kits
-used for diagnosis, treatment, prevention
-immunological method/process - pesticides (topical)
-prevent, destroy, repel, mitigates pest
-plant regulator, defoliant, desiccant, nitrogen stabilizer
>conventional, antimicrobial or bio pesticides (biochemical, microbial, plan incorporated protectants)
Describe pests.
-living organisms cause damage to crops, humans, animals
-insects, acarids (mites & ticks), rodents, plants, microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, virus)
Describe institutions in the US & Canada for approved & marketed drugs.
FDA CVM
>protect & promote public health
>ensure animal drug products are:
a) eval for safety & effectiveness
—eval new drug products
—pharmacovigilance = post approval monitor
*proof of: effectiveness & safety for animals, humans (consumption for food animals & handling drugs), environment)
b) manufactured under quality standards
C) properly labeled
Describe label info in US & Canada.
Describe lists of approved drugs/pesticides.
US:
-EPA
-green book by FDA
-vetGRAM by FARAD
CANADA:
-health Canada
Describe why research & development is needed.
- label
-manufacturer/drug company/sponsor
-cost - improve clinical application
-manufacturer/drug company/sponsor
-nonprofit organization or governmental
Describe dosage forms.
-solid, liquid & semisolids, aerosol, gases, controlled internal drug release system
Describe solids.
-powder
-tablet (pill) = compressed powder - granulation (granule)
>immediate release = dissolve in GI content
>modified/extended/delayed release (enteric coated -> DONT CRUSH)
-capsule
>hard shell = filled w powder
>soft shell = filled w liquid
-bolus = lg tablet that remain in rumen
>density prevent regurgitation during rumination
>slow dissolution
-implant
-suppository
Describe liquids.
-solution (ex. Dex)
-suspension
*parenteral use = use only labeled product
Describe semisolid.
-ointment, cream, paste, emulsion
-ex: mirtazipine
Describe aerosol.
-suspension of fine solid or liquid particles
-spray, mist
Describe gases.
-anesthesia
Describe controlled internal drug release system.
-hormones used to synchronize heat in cattle
Describe routes of administration.
- PO = per os = in mouth & swallowed
- IV = intravenous = in vein
- IM = intramuscular = into muscle
- SQ = subcutaneous = under skin
*part of label
*changing it is EDLU -> drug residue
[ex. Competition horses]
Describe dose intervals.
- Q = every
- H = hour
- D = day
- SID = once a day
- BID = twice a day
- TID = thrice a day
- QID = quarce a day
- STAT = immediately
Describe enteral systemic route of administration.
Enteral = absorbed in GIT via PO or feeding/NG tube
-ADV:
>convenient (administer at home)
>feeding tube useful in non compliant patient or multiple medications needed
>potential to decontaminate
—induce vom or gastric lavage in cases of drug overdose or toxicity
-DISADV
>patient & owner compliance
>palatability
>slower onset of action
>food or other drugs may affect absorption
>inactivation by gastric pH, digestive enzymes, rumen micro flora
>GIT activity & integrity
>first pass metabolism (liver portal system)
Describe parenteral systemic route of administration.
- Injection
-IV, IM, SQ, IO - Inhalation
- Local/topical
- Transrectal
Describe the IV administration ADV & DISADV.
- ADV
-rapid
>highest plasmatic conc immediately & constant (long time)
-avoid tissue irritation
-lg vol administration
-repeated administration
-CRI (constant rate infusion) - DISADV
-side effects from high conc
-slow inj (central cath)
-some drugs cause phlebitis, thrombus, septic (thrombo)phlebitis
-not administered at home
Describe the ADV & DISADV of IM administration.
- ADV
-rapid absorption -> high plasmatic conc
-longer duration of action than IV
-administer at home - DISADV
-absorption incomplete
-painful, irritant, infection, abscess, nerve damage, drug residue
Describe ADV & DISADV of SQ administration.
- ADV
-slow absorption
-longest duration of action than IV & IM
-administered at home - DISADV
-absorption incomplete
-painful, irritant, infection, abscess, drug residue (off label SQ penicillin)
Describe the ADV & DISADV of IO administration.
- ADV
-neonates & tiny patient
>fluid flow like IV
-rapid access
-CPR drugs administered
-uncomplicated - DISADV
-short term
-some drugs cant be administered
-special equipment, painful, risk of fracture
Describe inhalation ADV & DISADV.
- ADV
-rapid
-anesthesia in noncompliant sm animal
-rapid elim by expiration - DISADV
-irritant
-not tolerated in awake patients
Describe local.
-transdermal TD
-endotracheal (emergency drugs during CPR like EPI)
-transmucosal TM
>intrabuccal IB -> systemic absorption in oral cavity
>intranasal: dense vascular plexus -> systemic absorption in nasal cavity (some drugs go to CNS)
—ex diazepam
Describe local ADV & DISADV.
- ADV
-other routes not avail
-long duration of action than IV
-administer at home - DISADV
-absorption incomplete
-technical
Describe transrectal ADV & DISADV.
(Ex. Metro in horse)
1. ADV
-when other route not avail
-longer duration of action than IV
-administer at home
2. DISADV
-low bioavail
-first pass metabolism
Describe local route of administration.
• Skin
• Ocular (conjunctival, corneal)
• Vaginal mucosa
• Mammary ducts
• Gastrointestinal
• Otic
• Epidural - regional anesthesia
• Regional limb perfusion
• Intrasynovial / intra-articular
• Pulmonary
• Nasal mucosa
• Urinary tract (urethra, bladder)
*systemic side effect can occur
*residue detection
Describe the different types of local.
- Skin = ID, ointment
- PO = poor systemic absorption -> effect in GI
>antimicrobials, sucralfate, lactulose (management of hepatic encephalopathy) - Rectal w action in rectum
-lactulose, enema - Pulmonary = metered inhaler
Describe the ADV & DISADV of local.
- ADV
-high conc at site of administration
-decrease systematic side effect (lower dosage) - DISADV
-irritant, technical
Describe therapeutic factors.
• Onset of action
IV or IO > Inhalation > Transmuco./Endotracheal >IM > SQ > PO ≥ Transdermal
• Duration of action
• Site of action
• Adverse reactions
• Length of required treatment
• Home treatment
Describe drug factors.
-irritating properties, pH, solubility, viscosity
