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Immunoproliferative Disorders > INTRO > Flashcards

INTRO Flashcards

1
Q

What are Gammopathies?

A

When there is an abnormality of gammaglobulins

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2
Q

What is Hypergammaglobulinaemia?

A

Gammaglobulins (antibodies) Increase

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3
Q

What is a monoclonal gammopathy?

A

Derived from ONE abnormal cell. Single clone of plasma cells.

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4
Q

What do monoclonal gammopathies produce?

A

Produce high levels of a single class and type of antibody. (monoclonal protein)

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5
Q

What is a monoclonal protein?

A

Antibody produced by abnormal monoclonal cell. AKA M Protein or Paraprotein.

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6
Q

What is a polyclonal gammopathy?

A

Secondary disease with high levels of 2 or more antibodies produced by several cloned plasma cells.

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7
Q

What happens to the capacity of the proximal tubule in monoclonal gammopathaies?

A

Capacity is overwhelmed so high levels of light chains are seen in urine.

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8
Q

What is the normal level of light chains in urine?

A

1-10mg reach distil tubule and urine normally.

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9
Q

What is Total Plasma Immunoglobulin a product of?

A

Product of millions of plasma cell clones in bone marrow and lymph nodes. Products of antibody response.

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10
Q

What regulates the amount of plasma produced? Why?

A

Homeostasis. To ensure the RIGHT amount of antibodies are made to deal with infection.

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11
Q

How do some plasma cell clones overcome growth limits?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities allow plasma clones to rearrange and overcome cell growth control resulting in millions of copies.

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12
Q

What types of antibodies does the abnormal plasma clone secrete?

A

Monoclonal, paraprotein, M Protein

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13
Q

What does an abnormal cell secrete alongside extensive replication?

A

Secretes programmed immunoglobulin isotypes in large amounts. This is monoclonal immunoglobulin.

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14
Q

What is the official definition of monoclonal gammopathy?

A

Disease where monoclonal immunoglobulin is present in serum/urine.

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15
Q

What are the seven types of Monoclonal Gammopathy?

A

MGUS (MG of Undetermined Significance), Myeloma, Waldenstrom Primary Macroglobulinaemia, Light-chain disease, Heavy-chain disease.

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16
Q

What similarities do B-cell tumours have that reflect the normal cell equivalent?

A

Tumour cells have similar properties, Migrate to same sites in lymphoid tissues and have similar expression of cell surface glycoproteins as normal equivalent.

17
Q

What about B-cell tumours proves they originated from the same B-cell (clones)?

A

They all have the same immunoglobulin gene rearrangemet

18
Q

Is the B-Cell rearrangement the same in EVERY person or diverse?

A

Diverse. B-cell tumours from different patients also have different rearrangements.

19
Q

Do tumours retain characteristics from the cell type they originated from?

A

Yes, especially if it is slow growing.

20
Q

Which B-cell tumours are found in lymph node follicles?

A

Tumours derived from mature naive B-cells.

21
Q

Where were he first sequences of heavy and light chains obtained from?

A

People with multiple myeloms

22
Q

What cell type is Waldenstroms macroglobulinaemia?

A

IgM secreting B cell

23
Q

What cell type are multiple myeloma tumours?

A

Various types of mutated plasma cells. In bone marrow.

24
Q

What does MGUS stand for?

A

Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance.

25
Q

What is MGUS?

A

Most common monoclonal gammopathy subtype.

26
Q

What are symptoms of MGUS?

A

There are no symptoms so disease is discovered during other tests.

27
Q

Clinical signs of MGUS?

A

Monoclonal band less than 30g/L and less than 10% plasma cells in bone marrow.

28
Q

Is MGUS fatal?

A

No , most patients die WITH it and not DUE TO it. High incidence in Afro-Carribean patients.

29
Q

What percentage of MGUS transform into malignany form of Multiple Myeloma?

A

1%.

Immunoproliferative Disorders (5 decks)

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