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5th Yr - CP5- IRMER > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What does IRMER stand for

A

Ionising radiation medical exposure regulations

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2
Q

How often do you need to complete the IRMER course

A

Every 5 years

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3
Q

What does an IRMER course require

A
  1. The principles of radiation physics
  2. Risks of ionising radiation
  3. Radiation doses in dental radiography
  4. Factors affecting doses in dental radiography
  5. The principles of radiation protection
  6. Statutory requirements
  7. Selection criteria
  8. Quality assurance
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4
Q

What is ionising radiation

A

Radiation with enough energy so that during an interaction with an atom it can remove tightly bound electrons from their orbits causing the atom to become charged or ionised

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5
Q

Describe an atom

A

Nucleus made up of protons and neutrons
Electrons orbiting in shells

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6
Q

Name the different types of radiation

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X rays

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7
Q

Describe gamma radiation

A

It is an electro magnetic radiation sourced from radioactive materials

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8
Q

What can gamma radiation be used for

A

Isotope imagine therapy

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9
Q

Describe alpha radiation

A

A particle type of radiation sourced from radioactive material

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10
Q

Describe beta radiation

A

A particle type of radiation sourced from radioactive material

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11
Q

What can beta radiation be used for

A

Isotope imaging therapy

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12
Q

Describe x rays

A

It is an electro magnetic radiation sourced from energetic electrons

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13
Q

What can x rays be used for

A

Diagnostic radiotherapy

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14
Q

Why does alpha radiation not have a use in medical and dental imaging

A

Alpha particles only travel 1-2cm in air so they do not penetrate through the body to an energy detector so cannot be used

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15
Q

When were x rays discovered

A

November 1895

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16
Q

Who was the first dentist to use x rays for dental purposes

A

Frank Harrison in 1896

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17
Q

When are x rays produced

A

When a high energy electron beam hits a target

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18
Q

Name the 2 types of X-rays produced in an x ray tube

A

General radiation (Bremsstrahlung)
Characteristic radiation

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19
Q

Name the parts that make up an x ray tube

A
  1. Anode
  2. Cathode
  3. Glass tube
  4. Lead casing
  5. Oil
  6. Window
  7. Metal shielding
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20
Q

Why is oil found in an x ray tube

A

X ray peoduction is very soo inefficient a significant amount of heat is produced so oil is used to dissipate the heat

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21
Q

What does the cathode do

A

Produces high energy electrons in a vacuum

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22
Q

What is the anode

A

Positively charged target Material

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23
Q

What does lead casing and metal shielding do

A

Stops the escape of scattered x rays

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24
Q

How are useful x rays delivered to a patient from the x ray tube

A

Via a window

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25
How are bremsstrahlung radiations produced
As electrons bombard a target they decelerate when passing near the positively charged nucleus The electron is deviated and looses energy The lost energy is emitted as this type of general radiation
26
How efficient is bremsstrahlung radiation
99% of the energy is converted to heat 1% is converted into x rays
27
What does bremsstrahlung stand for
German word for breaking
28
How is characteristic radiation formed
When an incoming electron ejects an inner electron from its shell An electron from a higher energy level then takes the place of the ejecting electron producing x rays in the process
29
Do we want high or low energy radiation in dentistry
High energy to be able to see the different tissues
30
How much energy does bremsstrahlung radiation have
Has a variety of energy
31
List the sources of background radiation we may receive
1. Radioactive radon gas from the ground (48%) 2. Medical radiation (16%) 3. Terrestrial gamma radiation (13%) 4. Cosmic radiation (12%) 5. Intakes of radionuclides(11%)
32
Give examples of naturally radioactive foods
1. Brazil nuts 2. Lima beans 3. Bananas 4. Carrots 5. Potatoes 6. Lite salt 7. Red meat 8. Beer 9. Water 10. Peanut butter
33
How can radiation be dangerous
Can break down DNA strands
34
What can happen if a broken DNA strand isn’t healed
Can lead to cell death
35
What can happen if a broken DNA strand is healed incorrectly
Can lead to cell mutation
36
What three things can happen following cell damage from radiation
Cell repair Cell death Cell mutation
37
What actually causes the damage to DNA from radiation
Free radicals
38
What can protect the cells against the destructive activities of free radicals
Antioxidants
39
How do free radicals cause damage
They attack DNA in cells through a process called oxidation
40
Give examples of foods high in antioxidants
Red wine Blueberries
41
Name an important interaction in radiography
Photoelectric effect Compton scattering
42
What is the photoelectric effect
Process whereby photons falling knock electrons out of a surface
43
What is photoelectric absorption responsible for
Creating contrast in images
44
How does the photo electric effect work
Incident x ray comes according an atom in your body and knocks an electron from its outer shell This election is ejected as a photo electron An electron from a higher electron shell drops down to fill the space in the lower shell As it does this it loses energy which is converted into radiation
45
Who was the Compton scattering effect discovered by
Arthur holly
46
When does the Compton scattering effect occur
When an x ray encounters an electron from an outer shell with little binding energy
47
What happens in the Compton scattering effect
The electron is ejected and the remaining energy is re emptied immediately in the form of an x ray The result is an x ray of different directions and slightly less energy These x rays are not constructive in image formation
48
Name the different ways we measure radiation
1. Absorbed dose 2. Equivalent dose
49
What is the absorbed dose
The energy deposited per unit mass of material
50
How is absorbed dose measured
In joules per Kg
51
What unit is absorbed dose given
Gray (Gy)
52
What does absorbed dose not do
Doesn't take into account the type of radiation you are being exposed to
53
What is THE equivalent dose
Is the absorbed dose to a tissue multiple by a radiation weighting factor
54
What does the equivalent dose consider
Takes into consideration the radiation weighting factor (type of radiation)
55
What is equivalent dose represented by
The symbol H
56
What unit represents the equivalent dose
J/kg which is given the name sievert
57
What is the radiation weighting factors for electrons
1
58
What does a radiation weighting factor of 1 mean
The absorbed dose and equivalent dose are the same
59
What is the radiation weighting factors for alpha particles
20 meaning the equivalent dose is 20 times for absorbed dose
60
What is the effective dose
It is derived from the equivalent dose to a tissue by multiplying by a tissue weighting factor
61
What is effective dose measures in
J/kg which is given the name sievert
62
What does the effective dose take into consideration
The type of tissue that is being irradiated and the sensitivity of that material to radiation
63
List some of the risks of radiation
1. Somatic effects 2. Genetic effects 3. Deterministic effects 4. Stochastic radiation effects
64
What do we mean by somatic effects
Effects manifested by the person irradiated
65
What do we mean by genetic effects
Effects manifested int eh offspring of the person irradiated
66
Way are deterministic radiation effects
Certain tissue reactions
67
What is the probability of a deterministic radiation effect occurring
Will occur if a certain quantity of radiation is received
68
What is the severity of deterministic radiation effects dependant on
Depends on the dose
69
Give examples of deterministic radiation effects
1. Erythema (where the skin is burned) 2. Sterility 3. Radiation sickness 4. Epilation (hair loss) 5. Death 6. Cataract formation 7. Radiation burns 8. Tissue necrosis
70
What are stochastic radiation effects
Random radiation effects
71
What is the probability of a stochastic radiation effect occurring
depends on total dose received
72
What are soem of the effects of stochastic radiation effect
Cancer Genetic effects (not caused by exposure to dental x rays)
73
What is the effective dose given in an intra oral radiograph
0.3-21.6 microSieverts
74
What is the effective dose given in a panoramic radiograph
2.7-38 microSieverts
75
What is the effective dose given in an cone beam CT small
11-214 microSieverts
76
List the different radiographic techniques from least to most effective dosage
Intraoral Radiograph Panoramic Lateral ceph CBCT (Small FOV) CBCT (Large FOV)
77
What is the background radiation equivalent of a periapical radiograph
3.5 days
78
What is the background radiation equivalent of a panoramic radiograph
6 days
79
What is the background radiation equivalent of a Cone beam CT radiograph
2 Days- 6 months
80
What is the background radiation equivalent of a cheat x ray radiograph
3 days

5th Yr - CP5- IRMER (6 decks)

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