Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

5th Yr - CP5- IRMER > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What does IRMER stand for

A

Ionising radiation medical exposure regulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How often do you need to complete the IRMER course

A

Every 5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does an IRMER course require

A
  1. The principles of radiation physics
  2. Risks of ionising radiation
  3. Radiation doses in dental radiography
  4. Factors affecting doses in dental radiography
  5. The principles of radiation protection
  6. Statutory requirements
  7. Selection criteria
  8. Quality assurance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is ionising radiation

A

Radiation with enough energy so that during an interaction with an atom it can remove tightly bound electrons from their orbits causing the atom to become charged or ionised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe an atom

A

Nucleus made up of protons and neutrons
Electrons orbiting in shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the different types of radiation

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma
X rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe gamma radiation

A

It is an electro magnetic radiation sourced from radioactive materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can gamma radiation be used for

A

Isotope imagine therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe alpha radiation

A

A particle type of radiation sourced from radioactive material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe beta radiation

A

A particle type of radiation sourced from radioactive material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can beta radiation be used for

A

Isotope imaging therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe x rays

A

It is an electro magnetic radiation sourced from energetic electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can x rays be used for

A

Diagnostic radiotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why does alpha radiation not have a use in medical and dental imaging

A

Alpha particles only travel 1-2cm in air so they do not penetrate through the body to an energy detector so cannot be used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When were x rays discovered

A

November 1895

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who was the first dentist to use x rays for dental purposes

A

Frank Harrison in 1896

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When are x rays produced

A

When a high energy electron beam hits a target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the 2 types of X-rays produced in an x ray tube

A

General radiation (Bremsstrahlung)
Characteristic radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the parts that make up an x ray tube

A
  1. Anode
  2. Cathode
  3. Glass tube
  4. Lead casing
  5. Oil
  6. Window
  7. Metal shielding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is oil found in an x ray tube

A

X ray peoduction is very soo inefficient a significant amount of heat is produced so oil is used to dissipate the heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the cathode do

A

Produces high energy electrons in a vacuum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the anode

A

Positively charged target Material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does lead casing and metal shielding do

A

Stops the escape of scattered x rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are useful x rays delivered to a patient from the x ray tube

A

Via a window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How are bremsstrahlung radiations produced

A

As electrons bombard a target they decelerate when passing near the positively charged nucleus
The electron is deviated and looses energy
The lost energy is emitted as this type of general radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How efficient is bremsstrahlung radiation

A

99% of the energy is converted to heat
1% is converted into x rays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does bremsstrahlung stand for

A

German word for breaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How is characteristic radiation formed

A

When an incoming electron ejects an inner electron from its shell
An electron from a higher energy level then takes the place of the ejecting electron producing x rays in the process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Do we want high or low energy radiation in dentistry

A

High energy to be able to see the different tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How much energy does bremsstrahlung radiation have

A

Has a variety of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

List the sources of background radiation we may receive

A
  1. Radioactive radon gas from the ground (48%)
  2. Medical radiation (16%)
  3. Terrestrial gamma radiation (13%)
  4. Cosmic radiation (12%)
  5. Intakes of radionuclides(11%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Give examples of naturally radioactive foods

A
  1. Brazil nuts
  2. Lima beans
  3. Bananas
  4. Carrots
  5. Potatoes
  6. Lite salt
  7. Red meat
  8. Beer
  9. Water
  10. Peanut butter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How can radiation be dangerous

A

Can break down DNA strands

34
Q

What can happen if a broken DNA strand isn’t healed

A

Can lead to cell death

35
Q

What can happen if a broken DNA strand is healed incorrectly

A

Can lead to cell mutation

36
Q

What three things can happen following cell damage from radiation

A

Cell repair
Cell death
Cell mutation

37
Q

What actually causes the damage to DNA from radiation

A

Free radicals

38
Q

What can protect the cells against the destructive activities of free radicals

A

Antioxidants

39
Q

How do free radicals cause damage

A

They attack DNA in cells through a process called oxidation

40
Q

Give examples of foods high in antioxidants

A

Red wine
Blueberries

41
Q

Name an important interaction in radiography

A

Photoelectric effect
Compton scattering

42
Q

What is the photoelectric effect

A

Process whereby photons falling knock electrons out of a surface

43
Q

What is photoelectric absorption responsible for

A

Creating contrast in images

44
Q

How does the photo electric effect work

A

Incident x ray comes according an atom in your body and knocks an electron from its outer shell
This election is ejected as a photo electron
An electron from a higher electron shell drops down to fill the space in the lower shell
As it does this it loses energy which is converted into radiation

45
Q

Who was the Compton scattering effect discovered by

A

Arthur holly

46
Q

When does the Compton scattering effect occur

A

When an x ray encounters an electron from an outer shell with little binding energy

47
Q

What happens in the Compton scattering effect

A

The electron is ejected and the remaining energy is re emptied immediately in the form of an x ray
The result is an x ray of different directions and slightly less energy
These x rays are not constructive in image formation

48
Q

Name the different ways we measure radiation

A
  1. Absorbed dose
  2. Equivalent dose
49
Q

What is the absorbed dose

A

The energy deposited per unit mass of material

50
Q

How is absorbed dose measured

A

In joules per Kg

51
Q

What unit is absorbed dose given

A

Gray (Gy)

52
Q

What does absorbed dose not do

A

Doesn’t take into account the type of radiation you are being exposed to

53
Q

What is THE equivalent dose

A

Is the absorbed dose to a tissue multiple by a radiation weighting factor

54
Q

What does the equivalent dose consider

A

Takes into consideration the radiation weighting factor (type of radiation)

55
Q

What is equivalent dose represented by

A

The symbol H

56
Q

What unit represents the equivalent dose

A

J/kg which is given the name sievert

57
Q

What is the radiation weighting factors for electrons

A

1

58
Q

What does a radiation weighting factor of 1 mean

A

The absorbed dose and equivalent dose are the same

59
Q

What is the radiation weighting factors for alpha particles

A

20 meaning the equivalent dose is 20 times for absorbed dose

60
Q

What is the effective dose

A

It is derived from the equivalent dose to a tissue by multiplying by a tissue weighting factor

61
Q

What is effective dose measures in

A

J/kg which is given the name sievert

62
Q

What does the effective dose take into consideration

A

The type of tissue that is being irradiated and the sensitivity of that material to radiation

63
Q

List some of the risks of radiation

A
  1. Somatic effects
  2. Genetic effects
  3. Deterministic effects
  4. Stochastic radiation effects
64
Q

What do we mean by somatic effects

A

Effects manifested by the person irradiated

65
Q

What do we mean by genetic effects

A

Effects manifested int eh offspring of the person irradiated

66
Q

Way are deterministic radiation effects

A

Certain tissue reactions

67
Q

What is the probability of a deterministic radiation effect occurring

A

Will occur if a certain quantity of radiation is received

68
Q

What is the severity of deterministic radiation effects dependant on

A

Depends on the dose

69
Q

Give examples of deterministic radiation effects

A
  1. Erythema (where the skin is burned)
  2. Sterility
  3. Radiation sickness
  4. Epilation (hair loss)
  5. Death
  6. Cataract formation
  7. Radiation burns
  8. Tissue necrosis
70
Q

What are stochastic radiation effects

A

Random radiation effects

71
Q

What is the probability of a stochastic radiation effect occurring

A

depends on total dose received

72
Q

What are soem of the effects of stochastic radiation effect

A

Cancer
Genetic effects (not caused by exposure to dental x rays)

73
Q

What is the effective dose given in an intra oral radiograph

A

0.3-21.6 microSieverts

74
Q

What is the effective dose given in a panoramic radiograph

A

2.7-38 microSieverts

75
Q

What is the effective dose given in an cone beam CT small

A

11-214 microSieverts

76
Q

List the different radiographic techniques from least to most effective dosage

A

Intraoral Radiograph
Panoramic
Lateral ceph
CBCT (Small FOV)
CBCT (Large FOV)

77
Q

What is the background radiation equivalent of a periapical radiograph

A

3.5 days

78
Q

What is the background radiation equivalent of a panoramic radiograph

A

6 days

79
Q

What is the background radiation equivalent of a Cone beam CT radiograph

A

2 Days- 6 months

80
Q

What is the background radiation equivalent of a cheat x ray radiograph

A

3 days

5th Yr - CP5- IRMER (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions