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Human Anatomy and Physiology > intro > Flashcards

intro Flashcards

1
Q

A greek word “tome” means

A

to cut

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2
Q

What they are made of, where they are located, associated structures

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

study functions of anatomical structures, both individual and cooperative

A

Physiology

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4
Q

These two are complementary according to the principle of complementarity

A

structure and function

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5
Q

Structure:

A

anatomy

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6
Q

Function:

A

physiology

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7
Q

study of superficial markings

A

Surface Anatomy

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8
Q

The study of specific areas of the body

A

Regional Anatomy

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9
Q

Study of the 11* specific organ systems

A

Systemic Anatomy

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10
Q

Structures large enough that one can see with the unaided eye

A

Gross Anatomy

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11
Q

Enumerate 11 organ systems

A

Cardiovascular
Digestive
Endocrine
Integumentary*
Lymphatic
Muscular*
Nervous*
Reproductive
Respiratory
Skeletal*
Urinary

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12
Q

Involves studying anatomical structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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13
Q

Study of cells

A

Cytology

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14
Q

Study of tissues

A

Histology

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15
Q

Considers the operation of specific organ systems

A

Physiology

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16
Q

kidney function

A

Renal

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17
Q

workings of the nervous system

A

Neurophysiology

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18
Q

operation of the heart and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular

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19
Q

Levels of organization

A

Chemical Level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ Level
Organ system

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20
Q

atoms (e.g. carbon) combine to form molecules

A

Chemical Level

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21
Q

Smallest living units in organisms and contain organelles, each with a function

A

Cellular level

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22
Q

different groups of cells that perform a function

A

Tissue Level

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23
Q

Different types of tissues that perform a common function

A

Organ Level

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24
Q

consists of different organs that work closely together

A

Organ system

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25
Q

All systems working together

A

Organismal Level

26
Q

How organisms interact with each other and their environment

A

Ecological level

27
Q

All organ systems work together

A

Integration

28
Q

ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

A

Homeostasis

29
Q

Failure to function within a normal range results in

A

Disease

30
Q

Variables produce a change in the body

A

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

31
Q

monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli).

A

Receptor

32
Q

determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

A

Control Center

33
Q

provides the means to respond to stimuli

A

Effector

34
Q

Usually occurs by negative feedback which can be modeled as a thermostat

A

Regulation

35
Q

responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

A

extrinsic regulation

36
Q

the response of the effector negates or opposes the stimulus (shuts off the original stimulus)

A

Negative Feedback

37
Q

NOT a way to maintain homeostasis
runaway train
response of the effector output reinforces or exaggerates the stimulus
(e.g. blood clotting, ovulation, action potential)

A

Positive Feedback

38
Q

Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium
Overwhelming the usual negative feedback mechanisms allows destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over

“disease”

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

39
Q

What is the Anatomical Position?

A

Hands at sides, palms forward

40
Q

toward and away from the head, respectively

A

Superior and Inferior

41
Q

toward the front and back of the body

A

Anterior and Posterior

42
Q

toward the midline, away from the midline

A

Medial and Lateral

43
Q

closer to and farther from the origin of the body part (or from the torso)

A

Proximal and Distal

44
Q

toward and away from the body surface

A

Superficial and Deep

45
Q

toward the head and toward the tail

A

Cranial and Caudal

46
Q

Ventral:

A

Anterior

47
Q

Dorsal:

A

Posterior

48
Q

Sometimes to gain a greater understanding of 3D images anatomists cut the image at different planes

A

Body Planes

49
Q

parallel to long axis, divides the body into right and left parts

A

Sagittal

50
Q

sagittal plane that lies on the midline

A

midsagittal or medial

51
Q

also parallel to long axis, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

A

Frontal or coronal

52
Q

(cross section) – perpendicular to long axis, divides the body into superior and inferior parts

A

Transverse or horizontal

53
Q

protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions

A

Dorsal cavity

54
Q

within the skull; encases the brain

A

Cranial cavity

55
Q

runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord

A

Vertebral cavity

56
Q

runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord

A

Vertebral cavity

57
Q

houses the internal organs (viscera),

A

Ventral cavity

58
Q

Ventral cavity is divided into two subdivisions

A

Thoracic
Abdominopelvic

59
Q

serous membranes or serosa are

A

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

60
Q

Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae

A

serous membranes or serosa

Human Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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