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Human Anatomy and Physiology > chemical basis of life > Flashcards

chemical basis of life Flashcards

1
Q

is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances

A

Element

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2
Q

The main components of a living cell are

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosporus, and sulfur
(CHONPS)

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3
Q

is the smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element

A

atom

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4
Q

Atom’s structure

A

Nucleus and electron cloud

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5
Q

Nucleus is composed of

A

protons (+) and neutrons (0)

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6
Q

Electron loud is composed of

A

electron (-)

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7
Q

atomic no.

A

protons = # electrons

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8
Q

Atomic mass

A

protons + # neutrons

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9
Q

how to calculate # neutrons

A

mass no. - # protons

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10
Q

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

A

Isotopes

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11
Q

substance that is composed of atoms of 2 or more different elements chemically combined.

A

compound

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12
Q

atoms share electrons to form a molecule

A

Covalent bonds

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13
Q

atoms form ions by gaining or losing electrons; ionic compounds are formed when ions of opposite charge bond together.

A

Ionic bonds

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14
Q

all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

A

Metabolism

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15
Q

the reactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones

A

Anabolism

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16
Q

the reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones

A

Catabolism

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17
Q

is a combination of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties (physically combined, not chemically).

A

Mixture

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18
Q

is a mixture in which one or more substances (solutes) are distributed evenly in another substance (solvent).

A

solution

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19
Q

is a mixture of nondissolved materials in water.

A

suspension

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20
Q

is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is.

A

pH

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21
Q

pH below 7 is

A

acidic

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22
Q

pH above 7 is

A

basic

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23
Q

pH of pure water is

A

7 or neutral

24
Q

any substance that form hydrogen ions (H+) in water

A

acid

25
Q

any substance that form hydrogen ions (H+) in water

A

Base

26
Q

Water makes up 70 to 95% of most organisms; most common compound found in most cells.

A

water

27
Q

large polymers

A

macromolecules

28
Q

building blocks

A

monomers

29
Q

Used by cells to store and release energy

A

Carbohydrates

30
Q

simple sugar are also called

A

monosaccharide

31
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose

32
Q

formed when two monosaccharides bond together

A

disaccharide

33
Q

examples of disaccharide

A

sucrose = fructose + glucose
maltose = glucose + glucose
lactose = galactose + glucose

34
Q

The largest carbohydrates are the

A

polysaccharides

35
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

36
Q

stored carbohydrates/food in plants

A

starch

37
Q

stored carbohydrates/food in animals; reserves in the live

A

Glycogen

38
Q

structural material in plant cell walls; the fiber in the food you eat

A

cellulose

39
Q

structural material in fungal cell walls; in the exoskeletons of arthropods

A

Chitin

40
Q

fats and oils

A

Lipids

41
Q

Lipids are insoluble in water because the molecules are

A

nonpolar

42
Q

contain only single bonds in the C-H chains; are solid at room temperature

A

Saturated fats

43
Q

contain some double bonds in the C-H chains; are liquid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated fats

44
Q

are formed by the bonding of amino acids;

A

Proteins

45
Q

monomers are

A

amino acids

46
Q

the bond of amino acids is called

A

peptide bond

47
Q

functions of proteins

A

Structural – hair, nails
Transport – hemoglobin
Movement – muscle fibers and cytoskeletal elements
Defense – antibodies
Regulation of cell functions – hormones and enzymes

48
Q

Important proteins and a biological catalyst

A

Enzymes

49
Q

It speeds up reactions by lowering ____ needed to start the reaction

A

activation energy

50
Q

Each enzyme has a definite ___ that allows it to recognize and bind with its ____

A

3-D shape; substrate (substrate = reactant)

51
Q

is the place where the substrate binds and the action occurs

A

active site

52
Q

DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic acids

53
Q

Function – control cell activities by directing protein synthesis

A

Nucleic acids

54
Q

Monomers are____ which are made up of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

A

nucleotides

55
Q

master genetic code

A

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

56
Q

make copies of DNA

A

RNA – ribonucleic acid

57
Q

play an important part in chemical reactions in the cell.

A

Salts of sodium, potassium and calcium and many others

Human Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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