chemical basis of life

Question 1

is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler chemical substances

Answer 1

Element

Question 2

The main components of a living cell are

Answer 2

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosporus, and sulfur
(CHONPS)

Question 3

is the smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element

Answer 3

atom

Question 4

Atom’s structure

Answer 4

Nucleus and electron cloud

Question 5

Nucleus is composed of

Answer 5

protons (+) and neutrons (0)

Question 6

Electron loud is composed of

Answer 6

electron (-)

Question 7

atomic no.

Answer 7

protons = # electrons

Question 8

Atomic mass

Answer 8

protons + # neutrons

Question 9

how to calculate # neutrons

Answer 9

mass no. - # protons

Question 10

atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

Answer 10

Isotopes

Question 11

substance that is composed of atoms of 2 or more different elements chemically combined.

Answer 11

compound

Question 12

atoms share electrons to form a molecule

Answer 12

Covalent bonds

Question 13

atoms form ions by gaining or losing electrons; ionic compounds are formed when ions of opposite charge bond together.

Answer 13

Ionic bonds

Question 14

all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Answer 14

Metabolism

Question 15

the reactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones

Answer 15

Anabolism

Question 16

the reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones

Answer 16

Catabolism

Question 17

is a combination of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties (physically combined, not chemically).

Answer 17

Mixture

Question 18

is a mixture in which one or more substances (solutes) are distributed evenly in another substance (solvent).

Answer 18

solution

Question 19

is a mixture of nondissolved materials in water.

Answer 19

suspension

Question 20

is a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is.

Answer 20

pH

Question 21

pH below 7 is

Answer 21

acidic

Question 22

pH above 7 is

Answer 22

basic

Question 23

pH of pure water is

Answer 23

7 or neutral

Question 24

any substance that form hydrogen ions (H+) in water

Answer 24

acid

Question 25

any substance that form hydrogen ions (H+) in water

Answer 25

Base

Question 26

Water makes up 70 to 95% of most organisms; most common compound found in most cells.

Answer 26

water

Question 27

large polymers

Answer 27

macromolecules

Question 28

building blocks

Answer 28

monomers

Question 29

Used by cells to store and release energy

Answer 29

Carbohydrates

Question 30

simple sugar are also called

Answer 30

monosaccharide

Question 31

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 31

glucose, fructose

Question 32

formed when two monosaccharides bond together

Answer 32

disaccharide

Question 33

examples of disaccharide

Answer 33

sucrose = fructose + glucose maltose = glucose + glucose lactose = galactose + glucose

Question 34

The largest carbohydrates are the

Answer 34

polysaccharides

Question 35

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 35

starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin

Question 36

stored carbohydrates/food in plants

Answer 36

starch

Question 37

stored carbohydrates/food in animals; reserves in the live

Answer 37

Glycogen

Question 38

structural material in plant cell walls; the fiber in the food you eat

Answer 38

cellulose

Question 39

structural material in fungal cell walls; in the exoskeletons of arthropods

Answer 39

Chitin

Question 40

fats and oils

Answer 40

Lipids

Question 41

Lipids are insoluble in water because the molecules are

Answer 41

nonpolar

Question 42

contain only single bonds in the C-H chains; are solid at room temperature

Answer 42

Saturated fats

Question 43

contain some double bonds in the C-H chains; are liquid at room temperature

Answer 43

Unsaturated fats

Question 44

are formed by the bonding of amino acids;

Answer 44

Proteins

Question 45

monomers are

Answer 45

amino acids

Question 46

the bond of amino acids is called

Answer 46

peptide bond

Question 47

functions of proteins

Answer 47

Structural – hair, nails Transport – hemoglobin Movement – muscle fibers and cytoskeletal elements Defense – antibodies Regulation of cell functions – hormones and enzymes

Question 48

Important proteins and a biological catalyst

Answer 48

Enzymes

Question 49

It speeds up reactions by lowering ____ needed to start the reaction

Answer 49

activation energy

Question 50

Each enzyme has a definite ___ that allows it to recognize and bind with its ____

Answer 50

3-D shape; substrate (substrate = reactant)

Question 51

is the place where the substrate binds and the action occurs

Answer 51

active site

Question 52

DNA and RNA

Answer 52

Nucleic acids

Question 53

Function – control cell activities by directing protein synthesis

Answer 53

Nucleic acids

Question 54

Monomers are____ which are made up of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

Answer 54

nucleotides

Question 55

master genetic code

Answer 55

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 56

make copies of DNA

Answer 56

RNA – ribonucleic acid

Question 57

play an important part in chemical reactions in the cell.

Answer 57

Salts of sodium, potassium and calcium and many others