intro Flashcards

1
Q

define self vs non-self

A

self: particles that are part of or made by your body and are tolerated by the immune system.

non-self: particles not made by your body and are recognised as potentially harmful– called foreign bodies

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2
Q

What do non-self particles make?

A

Antigens

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3
Q

Functions of the immune system

A
  • immunological recognition: presence of an infection detected
  • innate + adaptive immunity to help eliminate infection
  • immune regulation limits damage
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4
Q

What immunity generates immunological memory?

A

adaptive immunity

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5
Q

What are the cells involved in antigen presentation?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

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6
Q

What type of granulocytes acts against extracellular bacteria & fungi & is multilobed?

A

neutrophils

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7
Q

What type of granulocyte is considered as circulating mast cells?

A

basophils

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8
Q

What type of granulocytes acts against multicellular parasites (Eg.worms)/helminths & is bilobed?

A

eosinophils

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9
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Present antigen & activate T helper cells & memory cells

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10
Q

What are plasma cells

A

They are mature B cells that secrete antibodies

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11
Q

What cells form part of both innate & adaptive immune systems?

A

natural killer cells

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12
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

foetal liver
bone marrow
thymus

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13
Q

What are the 3 major stages of haematopoiesis?

A
  1. haematopoietic stem cells
  2. progenitor cells
  3. mature cells
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14
Q

When T cells develop into mature cells, they migrate from ____ to ____.

A

from bone marrow to thymus

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15
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

lymph nodes
spleen
mucosal lymphoid tissues

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16
Q

Immune cells enter through the ________ and _______.

A

afferent lymphatics;

high endothelial venules

17
Q

Enlarged cervical lymph nodes can be caused by:

a) Upper respiratory tract infection
b) Pulmonary tuberculosis
c) Head and neck cancer
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

18
Q

Lymph nodes can be enlarged because of:
1)
2)

A

1) Proliferation of immune cells when they encounter antigens
2) Proliferation of tumour cells (lymphoma, metastatic cancer)

19
Q

What does the spleen filter?

A
  • old or damaged RBCs

- foreign materials such as bacteria

20
Q

What does the spleen initiate?

A

Immune reactions to blood-borne molecules

21
Q

The spleen consists of:
1)
2)
3)

A

1) capsule
2) red pulp (site of RBC destruction)
3) white pulp (contains mainly B cells)

22
Q

What are the complications of splenectomy?

A

More vulnerable to illnesses caused by bacteria such as Steptococcus pneumoniae

23
Q

What are chemokines?

A

They are cytokines that attract cells along gradient from low to high conc.