intro Flashcards
define self vs non-self
self: particles that are part of or made by your body and are tolerated by the immune system.
non-self: particles not made by your body and are recognised as potentially harmful– called foreign bodies
What do non-self particles make?
Antigens
Functions of the immune system
- immunological recognition: presence of an infection detected
- innate + adaptive immunity to help eliminate infection
- immune regulation limits damage
What immunity generates immunological memory?
adaptive immunity
What are the cells involved in antigen presentation?
macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
What type of granulocytes acts against extracellular bacteria & fungi & is multilobed?
neutrophils
What type of granulocyte is considered as circulating mast cells?
basophils
What type of granulocytes acts against multicellular parasites (Eg.worms)/helminths & is bilobed?
eosinophils
What is the function of dendritic cells?
Present antigen & activate T helper cells & memory cells
What are plasma cells
They are mature B cells that secrete antibodies
What cells form part of both innate & adaptive immune systems?
natural killer cells
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
foetal liver
bone marrow
thymus
What are the 3 major stages of haematopoiesis?
- haematopoietic stem cells
- progenitor cells
- mature cells
When T cells develop into mature cells, they migrate from ____ to ____.
from bone marrow to thymus
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
lymph nodes
spleen
mucosal lymphoid tissues
Immune cells enter through the ________ and _______.
afferent lymphatics;
high endothelial venules
Enlarged cervical lymph nodes can be caused by:
a) Upper respiratory tract infection
b) Pulmonary tuberculosis
c) Head and neck cancer
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
Lymph nodes can be enlarged because of:
1)
2)
1) Proliferation of immune cells when they encounter antigens
2) Proliferation of tumour cells (lymphoma, metastatic cancer)
What does the spleen filter?
- old or damaged RBCs
- foreign materials such as bacteria
What does the spleen initiate?
Immune reactions to blood-borne molecules
The spleen consists of:
1)
2)
3)
1) capsule
2) red pulp (site of RBC destruction)
3) white pulp (contains mainly B cells)
What are the complications of splenectomy?
More vulnerable to illnesses caused by bacteria such as Steptococcus pneumoniae
What are chemokines?
They are cytokines that attract cells along gradient from low to high conc.
