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Infection & Immunology > hypersensitivity > Flashcards

hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

Name some common substances that cause allergic rxn

A
  • kiwi
  • dust mite
  • animal fur
  • shellfish
  • allergy
  • pollens
  • insulin
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2
Q

Which type(s) of hypersensitivity is/are mediated by IgG antibodies?

A

type II & III

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3
Q

Which type(s) of hypersensitivity is/are mediated by IgE antibodies?

A

type I

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4
Q

Which type(s) of hypersensitivity is/are mediated by T cells (CD4/CD8)?

A

type IV

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5
Q

Desc the diff types of hypersensitivity

A

Type I: immediate response aft a person has exposure to an antigen

Type II: dependent on antibody to destroy cells

Type III: mediated by immune complexes

Type IV: cell-mediated tissue injury

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6
Q

Effector mechanisms of the diff types of hypersensitivity

A

Type I: mast cell activation

Type II: complement, Fc receptor, phagocytes, NK cells

Type III: complement, phagocytes

Type IV:

  1. T helper type 1: macrophage activation
  2. Th2: IgE, eosinophil, mast cells
  3. CD8: cytotoxicity
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7
Q

In type I: the Th2 cells produce IL4. This drives the ______ to _____________________.

A

This drives the B cells to switch the class of the antibody from IgM to IgE.

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8
Q

In type I: the IgE binds to FCeRI on the mast cells and the mast cells are 1. ______ for subsequent exposure. The individual is 2. _______ to the antigen.

A
  1. primed

2. sensitized

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9
Q

In type I: on subsequent exposure, antigens bind to multiple IgE molecules on mast cells, 1. ______ the IgE molecules.

Within minutes, the cross-linking 2. _______ mast cells and triggers 3. ______.

A
  1. cross-linking
  2. activates
  3. degranulation
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10
Q

In type I: on subsequent exposure, the activated mast cells also release ______ 2-4hrs hours ltr.

A

cytokines

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11
Q

Type I hypersensitivity side effects include:

A

hay fever rhinitis
asthma
conjunctivitis
anaphylaxis

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12
Q

The IgE produced during type I hypersensitivity reactions is meant as immunity against _______

A

helminths

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13
Q

In type I early phase response, activated mast cells produce 1. _______ and 2. ______.

  1. ______ stimulates the blood vessels to become 3. _____. Thus, increased 4. _________
  2. ______ stimulates the 5. ____________ and cause 6. ___________, thus ______.
A
  1. histamines
  2. lipid mediators (eg. prostaglandin)
  3. leaky
  4. mucus secretion
  5. smooth muscle cells
  6. bronchoconstriction, thus SOB
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14
Q

In type I late response, activated mast cells produce 1. _______ , 2. ______ and 3.________.

  1. _______ and 2. ______. cause 4. _________.
  2. ________ start to 5. _____ tissues, causing tissue injury/damage.
A
  1. cytokines
  2. lipid mediators
  3. enzymes eg. tryptase
  4. inflammation
  5. degrade
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15
Q

Desc the 4 stages of anaphylaxis

A

1: generalised itching; urticaria
2: swelling away from the sting; incontinence
3: difficulty in breathing
4: drop in BP, loss of consciousness

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16
Q 
Some symptoms after type I hypersensitivity
Resp:
GI:
Cardio:
Skin:
A

Resp:

  • wheezing
  • dypsnea
  • hypoxia
  • bronchoconstriction
  • stridor
  • sneezing

GI:

  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
  • abdominal pain

Cardio:

  • hypotension
  • vasodilation
  • tachycardia

Skin:

  • flushing
  • urticaria
  • itch
  • edema
17
Q

Desc central tolerance and the 2 selections.

A

It is when self-reactive T cells undergo clonal deletion or differentiation into regulatory T cells

tve selection: targets desired cell population with an antibody specific to cell surf. make eg. CD4, CD8

-ve selection: only those that DONT react with their own antigens will be kept

18
Q

In type II hypersensitivity: Myasthenia gravis— where auto-antibodies block 1. ____________, interfering with 2. _____________, leading to 3. _______.

A
  1. acetylcholine receptors
  2. neuro-muscular synapse functions
  3. muscle fatigue
19
Q

In type II hypersensitivity: after macrophages are activated, they attack the muscle cells, and then the _______ is activated.

A

complement system

20
Q

______ is a very important indicator of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

anti-dsDNA

21
Q

Diagnostic criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (4 or more)

A
  • malar (butterfly) rash
  • photosensitivity
  • oral ulcers
  • arthritis
  • proteinuria
  • seizures & psychosis
  • thrombocytopenia, anemia
  • anti-DNA
  • antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA)
22
Q

Pathogenic mechanisms. of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) for injury caused by anti-tissue antibody

A
  1. ANA exit blood into tissues & binds to cell debris
  2. antibody binds to Fc receptor
  3. neutrophils & macrophages are activated
  4. enzymes, ROI, etc damage tissue
23
Q

Pathogenic mechanisms. of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) for injury caused by cell-mediated tissue injury

A
  1. immune complexes form in blood
  2. deposition on vessel walls
  3. neutrophils are activated
  4. enzymes, ROI, etc damage tissue
24
Q

In type IV hypersensitivity: CD8 T cells destroy ________ in type I DM.

A

pancreatic beta cells

Infection & Immunology (8 decks)

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