Intro

Question 1

What is hiccups?

Answer 1

involuntary contraction of the inspiratory muscles and diaphragms

The sound is due to the glottis closing

Question 2

How to treat hiccups?

Answer 2

haloperidol or chlorpromazine

alternately baclofen or domperidone

Question 3

Oxygenated blood absorbs red or IR light?

Answer 3

red light

Question 4

deoxygenated blood absorbs red or IR light

Answer 4

IR

Question 5

What can cause a high V/Q mismatch? (the average value is 0.8)

Answer 5

Pulmonary embolism

Due to the clot disrupting the amount of blood getting to the alveolar capillaries. The Q values gets smaller.

Question 6

Define FEV1

Answer 6

forced volume of expiration at 1 second from

the point of maximal inspiration

Question 7

Define FVC

Answer 7

volume of air that can
be expelled, from the point of maximal inspiration
to the point of maximal expiration

Question 8

That is DLco?

Answer 8

diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide

CO binds to erythrocytes, so the higher the DLco value the better the pulmonary blood volume.

Question 9

What is TV

Answer 9

Tidal volume

the amount of air inspired or expired during a single breath

Question 10

What is IRV/ERV

Answer 10

inspiratory/expiratory reserve volume

Question 11

What is FRC

Answer 11

Functional residual volume=RV (residual volume)+ERV

Question 12

What is vital capacity (VC)?

Answer 12

maximum amount of air that
can be expelled after maximal inspiration (VC =
IRV + TV + ERV)

Question 13

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 13

The amount of air inhaled
or exhaled per minute. TV x RR

The higher the minute ventilation the lower the blood CO

Question 14

What are the cardinal resp symptoms?

CHWD

Answer 14

Chest pain
Cough

Haemoptysis

Wheeze

Dyspnoea

Question 15

Normal ABG pH range

Answer 15

7.35-7.45

Question 16

Normal ABG PaO2 range

Answer 16

10.5-13.5 kPa

Question 17

Normal ABG PaCO2 range

Answer 17

4.7-6 kPa

Question 18

Normal ABG HCO3 range

Answer 18

21-26

Question 19

Normal ABG base excess range

Answer 19

-2 to +2

Question 20

Normal ABG H+ range

Answer 20

35-47

Question 21

Why is lactate an important test in resp?

Answer 21

Lactate (and lactic acidosis, by extension) is built up as a result of anaerobic respiration through the glycolytic
pathway.

Conditions such as sepsis and
volume depletion may adversely affect cellular
metabolism, increasing lactate levels,

Question 22

Anion gap formula

Answer 22

Na-(Cl+HCO3)

16 ± 4 mEq/L (if the calculation employs potassium)
12 ± 4 mEq/L (if the calculation does not employ potassium)

Question 23

Causes of a high anion gap

MUD PILES

Answer 23

methanol
Ureamia
DKA

Paraldehyde
Isoniazid
Lactic acidosis
Ethylene glycol
Salicylates (aspirin)