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Marine Biology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the prefixes to show the size of something, from biggest to smallest?

A

Mega, Macro, Meso, Micro, Nano, Pico, Femto

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2
Q

What do atoms consist of?

A

a nucleus and an electron shell

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3
Q

What is inside of a nucleus?

A

Positively charged protons and no charge neutrons. it is 100,000x smaller than the shell, but contains the most mass

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4
Q

What is inside the shell of an atom?

A

Electrons

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5
Q

What is an ion?

A

Atom/molecule with a net electric charge due to the gain or loss of electrons from its shell.

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6
Q

Are protons ever gained or lost?

A

No

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7
Q

What makes salt?

A

Sodium and Chloride

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8
Q

How is the periodic table ordered?

A

By number of electrons in the shell. On the left they’re most likely to lose them, on the right to gain them.

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9
Q

What is ionisation?

A

When atoms try and fill their shells with the right amount of electrons.

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10
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing electrons, nothing is ionised. Energy is stored within them, and when they are broken this is released.

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11
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

When one atom gains an electron, the other loses one. This creates an electro static attraction between the positive and negative which binds them together.

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12
Q

What is a metallic bond?

A

Electromagnetism between an electron and a positive metal ion.

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13
Q

What is a weak bond?

A

Mainly hydrogen bonds. Help to stick molecules together and only last for a very short amount of time before breaking and reforming.

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14
Q

What is the order of strength of chemical bonds?

A

Weak, ionic, covalent

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15
Q

What is a water molecule made up of?

A

Hydrogen & Oxygen atoms

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16
Q

What are water molecules?

A

Polar, one side is more positively charged and the other more negatively. the molecules will then attract each other.

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17
Q

What kind of chemical bonds are in water?

A

Weak, which allows it to be liquid and have a large heat capacity.

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18
Q

What are the chemical bonds in ice?

A

Still weak, but slightly stronger due to the lower temperature.

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19
Q

What temp does water boil and freeze at?

A

100 and 0 degrees

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20
Q

What is heat fusion?

A

Heat released by water to the surroundings as it freezes.

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21
Q

What is heat vaporisation?

A

Heat absorbed or removed as a molecule goes from liquid to vapour.

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22
Q

What is heat?

A

Total energy of molecular motion.

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23
Q

What is temperature?

A

Measure of average energy.

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24
Q

How does heat transfer as water changes to ice?

A

It releases heat as ice has a lower temperature. When ice melts it absorbs heat.

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25
Q

How does heat transfer when water changes from liquid to vapour?

A

All of it transfers to the vapour as vapour is a higher temp.

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26
Q

How much more energy would it take to heat water than air temp?

A

4x as much.

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27
Q

How much more energy does it take to change the temp of water than ethanol?

A

2x as much.

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28
Q

Why does salt dissolve in water?

A

As water molecules are polar, one side pulls the sodium ion away from the chloride and vice versa. this causes the crystals to dissolve, and then be surrounded by water so they are less likely to be attracted to each other and form again.

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29
Q

In what form is water densest?

A

Liquid

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30
Q

How is the water molecule polar?

A

Hydrogen atoms are slightly positively charged, which attracts the slightly negatively charged oxygen atoms.

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31
Q

Which molecule in water is positively charged?

A

Hydrogen

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32
Q

What are the 4 groups of macromolecules necessary for life?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

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33
Q

What do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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34
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars.

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35
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides bonded together. Typically used to transport sugars.

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36
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polymers, large molecules consisting of the same basic units linked together.

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37
Q

What are the two basic types of polysaccharides?

A

Structural and storage.

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38
Q

What is chitin?

A

A long chain polymer and protein that becomes calcified. Forms the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell wall of fungi.

39
Q

What is calcification?

A

Accumulation of calcium salts in body tissue causing it to harden.

40
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin.

41
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

Used to story energy, buoyancy and insulation. Simple fats composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule.

42
Q

What are the fatty acids?

A

Long hydrocarbon chains containing an acid group.

43
Q

What do unsaturated and saturated acids do at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids go liquid at room temp, saturated go solid.

44
Q

What do phospholipids make up?

A

Cell membranes.

45
Q

What are cells surrounded by?

A

Cell membranes, not all cells have cell walls.

46
Q

What does cytoplasm contain?

A

Cytosol and organelles.

47
Q

How does water or dissolved gases enter a cell?

A

Diffusion.

48
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Polymers of amino acids.

49
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Chains of amino acids that are folded into complex protein molecules.

50
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A

They compose structural components of animals, transport chemicals e.g.

51
Q

What are the names of some proteins?

A

Enzymes, transport, antibodies.

52
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in cells.

53
Q

What are structural proteins?

A

Make up body parts of animals.

54
Q

What are contractile proteins?

A

Make up muscle.

55
Q

What are messenger proteins?

A

Send signals from one cell to another or organ to organ.

56
Q

What are transport proteins?

A

Transport important substances.

57
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Polymers of nucleotides. Store the molecular blueprint of proteins.

58
Q

What are examples of nucleotide monophosphates?

A

Adenine, thymine.

59
Q

What is DNA?

A

Large helix-shaped molecule in eukaryotes containing genes.

60
Q

What is RNA?

A

Single-stranded molecule that functions in protein synthesis. Carries instructions for making proteins.

61
Q

What does cytoplasm contain?

A

Cytosol and organelles.

62
Q

What is cyanobacteria?

A

Bacteria with photosynthetic membranes rather than chloroplasts.

63
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria, archaens. Lack a nucleus, always unicellular.

64
Q

What is a prochloron?

A

Symbiotic in many marine organisms.

65
Q

What is a symbiotic relationship?

A

Two or more organisms living together, both benefit.

66
Q

What is a parasitic relationship?

A

Two or more organisms living together but only one organism benefits.

67
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Have a well-defined nucleus and many membrane bound organelles. May be uni or multi cellular.

68
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Keeps DNA and its transcription into RNA away from damaging reactions in cytoplasm.

69
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

Energy powerhouse.

70
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Photosynthesis.

71
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

Hair like structures protruding from cells that convert chemical energy into mechanical work.

72
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Carry genetic information.

73
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Particle carrying RNA in the cytoplasm.

74
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Structurally supports shape of the cell.

75
Q

What do animal cells not have?

A

Cell walls.

76
Q

What is the majority of earths atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen.

77
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Process by which plants use sun, water and Co(2) to create oxygen in the form of sugar.

78
Q

What is the carbon cycle?

A

Carbon is released from organisms through respiration and decomposition, this is recycled by photosynthesis. the carbon is then used by marine creatures.

79
Q

What is ATP?

A

What cells use for energy, as the breakdown from this to ADP releases it.

80
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Use low energy compounds to form high energy compounds.

81
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Breakdown of high energy compounds with low energy by-products.

82
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in prokaryotes?

A

Areas of the cell where the membrane has folded.

83
Q

What are the 2 membranes chloroplasts are found in?

A

Thylakoids, stroma.

84
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Releases energy from food molecules.

85
Q

whats a Choanocytes?

A

are specialized cells that have a single flagellum surrounded by a net-like collar of microvilli

86
Q

what is a flagella?

A

flagella is the long, hair-like organelle

87
Q

how many flagella are there per cell?

A

1, 2 or 3

88
Q

what does flagella do in the choanocyte?

A

The flagella creates a current through the sponge and food particles get caught in the collar and absorbed by the cell

89
Q

whats a dinoflagellate?

A

a single-celled organism with two flagella, occurring in large numbers in marine plankton and also found in fresh water

90
Q

what are ciliates ?

A

The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia

91
Q

what are cilia?

A

short, hair-like organelles which are quite numerous, sometimes covering the cell surface

92
Q

How are cilia used by single cells?

A

They are used by single cells to move through the water and to move materials along the cell’s surface in multicellular organisms.

93
Q

cilia are structurally similar to what ?

A

structurally similar to flagella

Marine Biology (5 decks)

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