Intro

Question 1

Dicot Leaves (Broadleaf)

Answer 1

2 cotyledons
Netlike viens
one or more leaves at node
branched growth habit
flowers in different shade and colors

Question 2

Identifying broadleaf weeds

Answer 2

1. Flowers
2. Leaf structure
3. Growth habit
4. Unique characteristics

Question 3

Types of Leaf Arrangement (name 4)

Answer 3

1. Alternate
2. Opposite
3. Whorled
4. Rosette

Question 4

Monocots (Grasses)

Answer 4

Single cotyledon
Parallel veins
Only one leaf node
Long, narrow leaves
Inconspicuous flowers

Question 5

2 Types of Leaf Bud (Vernation)

Answer 5

1. Rolled in the bud

2. Folded in the bud

Question 6

3 Types of Ligules

Answer 6

1. Absent
2. Membranous
3. Hairy

Question 7

3 Types of seed heads

Answer 7

1. Panicle
2. Branched spike
3. Spike

Question 8

Vernation

Answer 8

arrangement of leaves in the budleaf (newest emerging leaf) and the surrounding sheath. (ROLLED AND FOLDED)

Question 9

Ligule

Answer 9

A protruding structure from the upper surface of the leaf where the blade and sheath are joined. Membranous, Absent, Fringe of hairs

Question 10

Auricle

Answer 10

A pair of appendages protruding from the side of the grass leaf at the junction of the blade and sheath. Absent, Claw-like (clasping), Rudimentary

Question 11

Weed

Answer 11

Plants that cause economic damage and thrive in highly/repeated disturbed environments made by humans.

Question 12

Three types of plant life cycles

Answer 12

1. Perennial 2+ growing seasons
2. Annual (winter and summer) 6 months
3. Biennial 2 growing seasons

Question 13

Stolons

Answer 13

Above-ground creeping stem that can produce roots and shoots at each node.

Question 14

Rhizomes

Answer 14

Underground creeping stems that can produce roots and shoots at each node.

Question 15

Sedges

Answer 15

1. Solid triangular stems “sedges have edges”
2. Grass-like leaves in clusters of three
3. Flowers are globe shaped or in cluster like sparklers.
4. Warm season perennials and annuals
   “nut grass”

Question 16

Types of artificial methods weeds are spread

Answer 16

Equipment, tools, humans, grass seed, plantings and amendments

Question 17

Reasons we get weeds

Answer 17

Poor management, cosmetic standards, improper mulching, lack of sanitation, environmental condition.

Question 18

Weed prevention

Answer 18

Prevent reproduction, prevent entrance to the site, sanitize, mulch

Question 19

Cultural Practices

Answer 19

Start with weed-free bed, select appropriate plants for environment, help plants outcompete weeds

Question 20

Mechanical Techniques

Answer 20

Mowing, Pruning, Hand weeding, Chemical control

Question 21

Principles of chemical control

Answer 21

• Identify weeds and desirable plants
• Use appropriate chemical (time and rate)
• Calibrate equipment
• Practice resistance mgmt
• ALWAYS read directions/label

Question 22

What is the difference between weed control and weed management?

Answer 22

Control: single activity to remove weeds
Management: multiple activities to reduce and stabilize weed populations

Question 23

Goals of Weed MGMT plan?

Answer 23

Aesthetics, Function, and Economics

Question 24

5 Steps to develop a weed management plan

Answer 24

1. Site assessment
2. Define plantings (5 types)
3. Species selection and compatible weed mgmt options
4. Site preparation
5. Installation and implementation

Question 25

5 Types of landscape plants | Most post-plant control options to fewest

Answer 25

1. Woody tree and shrub beds 2. Woody ground cover beds 3. Annual beds 4. Perennial beds 5. Mixed plantings

Question 26

Planting time determines...

Answer 26

1. The importance of pre-plant weed control | 2. The post-plant weed mgmt options

Question 27

Woody Tree and Shrub Beds

Answer 27

* Densely shades plantings exclude weeds | * Most weed control options of all planting types

Question 28

Mixed Plantings Bed

Answer 28

*More complex treatment due to diversity *Site prep is critical Few post-plant herbicide options

Question 29

Methods for site preparation

Answer 29

1. Cultivation 2. Non-selective herbicides 3. Solarization (rarely used) 4. Fumigation (rarely used)

Question 30

Solarization

Answer 30

clear plastic heats soils for 4-6 weeks

Question 31

Non-selective herbicides

Answer 31

* kills most roots and shoots * Most common site prep treatment * Spray, wait 5 days and then cultivate * Will control most perennial weeds

Question 32

Pre-emergent Herbicides

Answer 32

* works in several planting types * Must apply at correct time * Applied before seeds germinate

Question 33

Post-emergent Control

Answer 33

* Post herbicides * Grass control *Spot treat * Hand weed

Question 34

Pesticide

Answer 34

Any substance used to control pest (Fungicide, herbicide, bactericide, miticide, insecticide)

Question 35

Active Ingredient (AI)

Answer 35

Specific compounds in the product that cause plant death or reduce growth

Question 36

Mode of Action (MOA)

Answer 36

The plant process affected by herbicide (impact photosynthesis, flowering, seeding, etc)

Question 37

Pre-emergent application dates

Answer 37

Summer Annuals: March 1 Late Summer Annuals: May 1 Winter Annuals: Sept 1

Question 38

Post-emergent Herbicides

Answer 38

* Effective after plants have emerged (germinated) * Applied to foliage as spray * Most effective on young, actively growing plants * Plant stress reduces effectiveness * Not effective on mature, flowering plants * apply 2 days before or after mowing * apply when temp between 60-85 degrees * Need 6 hours to dry before rain or irrigation (unless "rainfast")

Question 39

Post-Emergent application timing

Answer 39

* Best to apply when weeds are 2-6" tall * Cool Season Annuals: Sept-Dec * Warm Season Annuals: March - May

Question 40

What is the difference between Selective and Non-Selective?

Answer 40

Selective: only kills certain plants | Non-Selective: Kills MOST plants

Question 41

What is the difference between Contact and Systemic?

Answer 41

Contact: Acts rapidly, affects treated area only, multiple application Systemic: can take several days-weeks, translocated through plant, most effective when plants actively growing. *MOST herbicides are systemic

Question 42

Weed control for woody weeds?

Answer 42

Deciduous: Aug-Sept Evergreen: April -May Hand weed when small for best control