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BS11001-Biomolecules > Intramolecular and Intermolecular Forces > Flashcards

Intramolecular and Intermolecular Forces Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Compound?

A

A compound is a substance that is composed of atoms of more than one element

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2
Q

When is a valence shell typically considered to be full?

A

We consider a valence shell to be full once it contains eight electrons

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3
Q

What happens to two atoms when their electronegativity values are similar?

A

They are most likely to undergo covalent bonding

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4
Q

What happens to two atoms when their electronegativity values have a large difference?

A

They are most likely to undergo ionic bonding

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5
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic interaction between two oppositely charged ions

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6
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

An ionic bond is formed when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

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7
Q

What does the chemical formula tell us?

A

The chemical formula tells us the relative number of ions present in an ionic compound, and the chemical identity of each ion

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8
Q

What happens to the smallest number of electrons to achieve a full valence shell?

A

The smallest number of electrons possible are redistributed - either accepted or donated - to achieve a full valence shell

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9
Q

What charge does an ionic compound have, and why?

A

Ionic compounds have an overall charge of zero: there must be an equal number of positive and negative charges within the compound overall

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10
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is the smallest part of a single element (for example O2), or a compound (a composite of different elements, such as glucose, C6H12O6), which can exist alone under ordinary conditions

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11
Q

What does the molecular formula tell us?

A

The molecular formula tells us the atomic composition of one molecule of a covalent compound

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12
Q

Why do atoms share valence electrons in covalent bonds?

A

Atoms share valence electrons in covalent bonds in order to achieve full valence shells

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13
Q

What is a polar bond?

A

A polar bond is a covalent bond in which the electrons are not evenly shared between the two joined atoms

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14
Q

What way is the distribution of electrons shared in a polar bond skewed towards?

A

The distribution of the electrons that are shared in a polar bond is skewed towards the most electronegative of the two atoms

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15
Q

What is a covalent bond joining atoms of the same element known as?

A

A covalent bond joining atoms of the same element is non-polar

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16
Q

How is a coordinate bond formed?

A

A coordinate bond is formed by the donation of a pair of electrons by a single atom

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17
Q

What is a hypervalent compound?

A

A hypervalent compound is one that features an atom with more than eight valence electrons

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18
Q

What can atoms of some elements that exhibit different valencies do?

A

Atoms of the same element can exhibit different valencies and therefore participate in different numbers of covalent bonds

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19
Q

What do two atomic orbitals combine to form?

A

Two atomic orbitals combine to form two molecular orbitals

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20
Q

What must be true in a molecules bonding orbitals than its anti-bonding orbitals for covalent bonding to occur?

A

There must be more electrons located in a molecules bonding orbitals that in its anti-bonding orbitals for covalent bonding to occur

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21
Q

What types of molecular bonding orbital are there?

A

A sigma orbital
A pi orbital

22
Q

What is a delocalized system?

A

A delocalized system is one in which electrons are shared between more than two atoms

23
Q

How does a conjugated system arise?

A

A conjugated system arises from the overlap of adjacent p atomic orbitals in any molecule featuring a sequence of alternating single and double bonds

24
Q

Where can delocalization occur?

A

Delocalization can occur in both conjugated and non-conjugated systems

25
Q

What is a polyatomic ionic compound?

A

A polyatomic ionic compound is one in which one of the ions in the compound features atoms held together by covalent bonds

26
Q

Individual non-covalent interactions?

A

Individual non-covalent interactions are relatively weak but gain significance because many such interactions can occur between two types of molecule: We see strength in numbers

27
Q

Intramolecular interactions exist between what?

A

Intramolecular interactions exist between separate parts of the same molecule

28
Q

Intermolecular interactions exist between what?

A

Intermolecular interactions exist between different molecules

29
Q

What is a permanent dipole?

A

A permanent dipole is a molecule that has a permanently partially positively charged region and a permanently partially negatively charged region

30
Q

What are London Dispersion Forces?

A

London dispersion forces are weak, short-lived forces, which are experienced by all molecules

31
Q

How do London Dispersion forces arise?

A

London dispersion forces are short-lived forces arising from temporary induced dipoles

32
Q

How do Permanent Dipolar interactions arise?

A

Permanent dipolar interactions are long-lived forces arising from permanent dipoles

33
Q

What does the van der Waals interaction describe?

A

The van der Waals interaction describes the overall level of interaction between two species once both attractive and repulsive forces have been taken into account

34
Q

Where can a hydrogen bond form?

A

A hydrogen bond can only form between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom and a second electronegative atom, which possesses a non-bonding pair of electrons

35
Q

What is a hydrogen bond donor?

A

A compound (or part of a compound) that features a hydrogen atom attached to a suitably electronegative atom

36
Q

What is a hydrogen bond acceptor?

A

A compound (or part of a compound) that features an electronegative atom that can form a hydrogen bond with a nearby hydrogen atom

37
Q

What are the main electronegative atoms involved in hydrogen bonding?

A

The electronegative atoms involved are usually nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine

38
Q

What must the three nuclei that participate in a hydrogen bond do for the bond to be its strongest?

A

The three nuclei that participate in a hydrogen bond must lie in a straight line for a hydrogen bond to be at its strongest

39
Q

What does hydrogen bonding stabilize?

A

Hydrogen bonding stabilizes the structure of key biological molecules, including DNA and polypeptides. It also ensures the fidelity of biological processes such as translation

40
Q

Where do ionic forces operate?

A

Ionic forces operate between regions of full opposite charge within a molecule

41
Q

What do hydrophobic forces do?

A

Hydrophobic forces drive the shielding of hydrophobic molecules (or parts of molecules) from their aqueous solutions

42
Q

What is a solution?

A

A solution comprises a solvent in which a solute is dissolved

43
Q

What can a water-soluble compound mix completely with?

A

A water-soluble compound can mix completely with molecules of water

44
Q

What can mixing of water-soluble compounds with water be stabilized with?

A

The mixing of water-soluble compounds with water can be stabilized by either hydrogen bonds or by hydration, a more general electrostatic interactions

45
Q

A water-insoluble compound may be?

A

A water-insoluble compound may be soluble in a different solvent

46
Q

The phase of a substance at given temperature is determined by what?

A

The phase of a substance at a given temperature is determined by the nature and extent of the molecular interactions it experiences

47
Q

A substances phase is influence by what?

A

A substances phase is influenced by how much energy it possesses - which determines the degree of movement of its composite molecules

48
Q

What can the phase of a substance be changed by?

A

The phase of a substance can be changed by heating or cooling

49
Q

What do polar molecules have relatively high values of?

A

Polar molecules have relatively high melting and boiling points

50
Q

What do non-polar molecules have relatively low values of?

A

Non-polar molecules have relatively low melting and boiling points

51
Q

What is a Salt Bridge?

A

The ionic force that operates between oppositely charged amino acid side chains in a protein

BS11001-Biomolecules (5 decks)

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