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Microbiology > Intoduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Intoduction to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology revolves around two themes:

A

Understanding basic life processes

Applying that knowledge to the benefit of humans

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2
Q

The importance of microorganisms

A

• Oldest form of life
• Largest mass of living material on Earth
• Carry out major processes for biogeochemical cycles
• Can live in places unsuitable for other organisms
• Other life forms require microbes to survive

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3
Q

A dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life

A

Cell

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4
Q

Elementsofmicrobialstructure

A
  • Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell wall
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5
Q

Barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

A

Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane

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6
Q

Aqueous mixture of macromolecules, ions, and ribosome

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Protein-synthesizing structures

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

Present in most microbes; confers structural strength

A

Cell wall

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9
Q

• No membrane-enclosed organelles, no nucleus
• Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

• DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
• Cells are generally larger and more complex
• Contain organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

A cell’s full complement of genes

A

Genome

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12
Q

Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, circular DNA molecule called a

A

Chromosome

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13
Q

Its has 4.64 million base pairs and 4,300 genes

A

Escherichia coli genome

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14
Q

It has 1,000✕ more DNA per cell than E. coli and 7✕ more genes than E. coli

A

Human cell

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15
Q

Characteristicsoflivingcells

A
  • Metabolism
  • Reproduction
  • Differentiation
  • Communication
  • Movement
  • Evolution
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16
Q

It is the chemical transformation of nutrients

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

It is the generation of two cells from one

A

Reproduction

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18
Q

It is the synthesis of new substances or structures that modify the cell (only in some microbes)

A

Differentiation

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19
Q

It is the generation of, and response to, chemical signals (only in some microbes)

A

Communication

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20
Q

via self-propulsion, many forms in microbes

A

Movement

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21
Q

genetic changes in cells that are transferred to
offspring

A

Evolution

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22
Q

protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions

A

Enzyme

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23
Q

DNA produces RNA

A

Transcription

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24
Q

RNA makes protein

A

Translation

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25
Q

The link between cells as machines and cells as coding devices

A

Growth

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26
Q

common ancestral cell from which all cells descended

A

Last universal common ancestor (LUCA)

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27
Q

The process of change over time that results in new varieties and species of organisms

A

Evolution

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28
Q

• Evolutionary relationships between organisms
• Relationships can be deduced by comparing genetic information in the different specimens

A

Phylogeny

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29
Q

___________ is is excellent for determining phylogeny

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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30
Q

ComparativerRNAsequencinghasdefinedthreedistinctlineages of cells called _______

A

Domains

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31
Q

Three distinct lineage of cells:

A

• Bacteria (prokaryotic)
• Archaea (prokaryotic)
• Eukarya (eukaryotic)

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32
Q

Archaea later diverged to form two domains:

A

• Archaea
• Eukarya

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33
Q

From the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), evolution proceeded to form two domains:

A

• Bacteria
• Archaea

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34
Q

Microorganisms exist in nature in populations of interacting assemblages called

A

Microbial communities

35
Q

The environment in which a microbial population lives is its___________

A

Habitat

36
Q

_____refers to all living organisms plus physical and
chemical constituents of their environment

A

Ecosystem

37
Q

______ is the study of microbes in their natural environment

A

Microbial ecology

38
Q

______ are bacteria and archaea that can grow in the extremely harsh environments

A

Extremophiles

39
Q

What is the pH and cell count of the stomach?

A

PH 2, 104 cells/g

40
Q

What is the pH and cell count of the small intestines?

A

Ph 4-5,up to 108 cells/g

41
Q

What is the pH and cell count of the large intestines ?

A

Ph 7, about 10^11 cells/g

42
Q

Genetic engineering of microbes to generate products of value to humans, such as insulin

A

Biotechnology

43
Q

Example of these are methane, ethanol, and hydrogen

A

Biofuels

44
Q

Cleaning up pollutants

A

Bioremediation

45
Q
  • the first to describe microbes
  • Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds
A

RobertHooke(1635–1703)

46
Q

the first to describe bacteria

A

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)

47
Q

founded the field of bacterial classification and discovered bacterial endospores

A

Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)

48
Q

are simplified forms of the bacteria, consisting of the DNA genome, some small amount of cytoplasm, and a specialized coating that confers resistance to heat, radiation, and other harsh external conditions

A

Endospores

49
Q

• Discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers

A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

50
Q

• Discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process (originally thought to be purely chemical)

A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

51
Q

• Disproved theory of spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

52
Q

What was the disproved theory that led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms?

A

theory of spontaneous generation

53
Q

• Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

A

Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

54
Q

• Demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases

A

Robert Koch (1843–1910)

55
Q

Identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis

A

Robert Koch (1843–1910)

56
Q

• Koch’s postulates
• Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes, some still in existence today

A

Robert Koch (1843–1910)

57
Q

Awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905

A

Robert Koch (1843–1910)

58
Q

Observed that masses of cells called ____________ have different shapes, colors, and sizes

A

Colonies

59
Q

• Field that focuses on nonmedical aspects of microbiology
• Roots in 20th century

A

Microbial diversity

60
Q

• Developed enrichment culture technique

A

Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931)

61
Q

What do you call the technique where microbes can be isolated from natural samples in a highly selective fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions

A

enrichment culture technique

62
Q

Proposed concept of chemolithotrophy

A

Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953)

63
Q

It is the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation

A

Chemolithotrophy

64
Q

Demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations

A

Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953)

65
Q

In the 20th century, microbiology developed in two
distinct directions:

A

Applied and basic

66
Q

Fueled by the genomics revolution

A

Molecular microbiology

67
Q

Major subdisciplines of applied microbiology

A
  • Medical microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Agricultural microbiology
  • Industrial microbiology
  • Aquatic microbiology
  • Biotechnology
68
Q

infectious diseases

A

Medical microbiology

69
Q

immune system

A

Immunology

70
Q

microbes associated with soil

A

Agricultural microbiology

71
Q

production of antibiotics, alcohols, and other chemicals

A

Industrial microbiology

72
Q

water, wastewater, and drinking water

A

water, wastewater, and drinking water

73
Q

products of genetically engineered microorganisms

A

Biotechnology

74
Q

Basic science subdisciplines in microbiology

A

• Microbial systematics
• Microbial physiology
• Microbial ecology
• Microbial biochemistry
• Bacterial genetics
• Virology

75
Q

The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms

A

Microbial systematics

76
Q

Study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that microorganisms generate

A

Microbial physiology

77
Q

Study of microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats

A

Microbial ecology

78
Q

Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions

A

Microbial biochemistry

79
Q

Study of heredity and variation in bacteria

A

Bacterial genetics

80
Q

Study of viruses

A

Virology

81
Q

study of all of the genetic material (DNA) in living cells

A

Genomics

82
Q

study of RNA patterns

A

Transcriptomics

83
Q

study of all the proteins produced by cell(s)

A

Proteomics

84
Q

study of metabolic expression in cells

A

Metabolomics

Microbiology (3 decks)

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