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Microbiology > Intoduction to Microbiology > Flashcards

Intoduction to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology revolves around two themes:

A

Understanding basic life processes

Applying that knowledge to the benefit of humans

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2
Q

The importance of microorganisms

A

• Oldest form of life
• Largest mass of living material on Earth
• Carry out major processes for biogeochemical cycles
• Can live in places unsuitable for other organisms
• Other life forms require microbes to survive

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3
Q

A dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life

A

Cell

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4
Q

Elementsofmicrobialstructure

A
  • Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell wall
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5
Q

Barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment

A

Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane

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6
Q

Aqueous mixture of macromolecules, ions, and ribosome

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Protein-synthesizing structures

A

Ribosomes

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8
Q

Present in most microbes; confers structural strength

A

Cell wall

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9
Q

• No membrane-enclosed organelles, no nucleus
• Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

• DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
• Cells are generally larger and more complex
• Contain organelles

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

A cell’s full complement of genes

A

Genome

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12
Q

Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, circular DNA molecule called a

A

Chromosome

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13
Q

Its has 4.64 million base pairs and 4,300 genes

A

Escherichia coli genome

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14
Q

It has 1,000✕ more DNA per cell than E. coli and 7✕ more genes than E. coli

A

Human cell

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15
Q

Characteristicsoflivingcells

A
  • Metabolism
  • Reproduction
  • Differentiation
  • Communication
  • Movement
  • Evolution
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16
Q

It is the chemical transformation of nutrients

A

Metabolism

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17
Q

It is the generation of two cells from one

A

Reproduction

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18
Q

It is the synthesis of new substances or structures that modify the cell (only in some microbes)

A

Differentiation

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19
Q

It is the generation of, and response to, chemical signals (only in some microbes)

A

Communication

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20
Q

via self-propulsion, many forms in microbes

A

Movement

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21
Q

genetic changes in cells that are transferred to
offspring

A

Evolution

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22
Q

protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions

A

Enzyme

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23
Q

DNA produces RNA

A

Transcription

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24
Q

RNA makes protein

A

Translation

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25
The link between cells as machines and cells as coding devices
Growth
26
common ancestral cell from which all cells descended
Last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
27
The process of change over time that results in new varieties and species of organisms
Evolution
28
• Evolutionary relationships between organisms • Relationships can be deduced by comparing genetic information in the different specimens
Phylogeny
29
___________ is is excellent for determining phylogeny
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
30
ComparativerRNAsequencinghasdefinedthreedistinctlineages of cells called _______
Domains
31
Three distinct lineage of cells:
• Bacteria (prokaryotic) • Archaea (prokaryotic) • Eukarya (eukaryotic)
32
Archaea later diverged to form two domains:
• Archaea • Eukarya
33
From the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), evolution proceeded to form two domains:
• Bacteria • Archaea
34
Microorganisms exist in nature in populations of interacting assemblages called
Microbial communities
35
The environment in which a microbial population lives is its___________
Habitat
36
_____refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment
Ecosystem
37
______ is the study of microbes in their natural environment
Microbial ecology
38
______ are bacteria and archaea that can grow in the extremely harsh environments
Extremophiles
39
What is the pH and cell count of the stomach?
PH 2, 104 cells/g
40
What is the pH and cell count of the small intestines?
Ph 4-5,up to 108 cells/g
41
What is the pH and cell count of the large intestines ?
Ph 7, about 10^11 cells/g
42
Genetic engineering of microbes to generate products of value to humans, such as insulin
Biotechnology
43
Example of these are methane, ethanol, and hydrogen
Biofuels
44
Cleaning up pollutants
Bioremediation
45
- the first to describe microbes - Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds
RobertHooke(1635–1703)
46
the first to describe bacteria
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
47
founded the field of bacterial classification and discovered bacterial endospores
Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)
48
are simplified forms of the bacteria, consisting of the DNA genome, some small amount of cytoplasm, and a specialized coating that confers resistance to heat, radiation, and other harsh external conditions
Endospores
49
• Discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
50
• Discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process (originally thought to be purely chemical)
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
51
• Disproved theory of spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
52
What was the disproved theory that led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms?
theory of spontaneous generation
53
• Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
54
• Demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases
Robert Koch (1843–1910)
55
Identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis
Robert Koch (1843–1910)
56
• Koch's postulates • Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes, some still in existence today
Robert Koch (1843–1910)
57
Awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905
Robert Koch (1843–1910)
58
Observed that masses of cells called ____________ have different shapes, colors, and sizes
Colonies
59
• Field that focuses on nonmedical aspects of microbiology • Roots in 20th century
Microbial diversity
60
• Developed enrichment culture technique
Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931)
61
What do you call the technique where microbes can be isolated from natural samples in a highly selective fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions
enrichment culture technique
62
Proposed concept of chemolithotrophy
Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953)
63
It is the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation
Chemolithotrophy
64
Demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations
Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953)
65
In the 20th century, microbiology developed in two distinct directions:
Applied and basic
66
Fueled by the genomics revolution
Molecular microbiology
67
Major subdisciplines of applied microbiology
- Medical microbiology - Immunology - Agricultural microbiology - Industrial microbiology - Aquatic microbiology - Biotechnology
68
infectious diseases
Medical microbiology
69
immune system
Immunology
70
microbes associated with soil
Agricultural microbiology
71
production of antibiotics, alcohols, and other chemicals
Industrial microbiology
72
water, wastewater, and drinking water
water, wastewater, and drinking water
73
products of genetically engineered microorganisms
Biotechnology
74
Basic science subdisciplines in microbiology
• Microbial systematics • Microbial physiology • Microbial ecology • Microbial biochemistry • Bacterial genetics • Virology
75
The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms
Microbial systematics
76
Study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that microorganisms generate
Microbial physiology
77
Study of microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats
Microbial ecology
78
Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions
Microbial biochemistry
79
Study of heredity and variation in bacteria
Bacterial genetics
80
Study of viruses
Virology
81
study of all of the genetic material (DNA) in living cells
Genomics
82
study of RNA patterns
Transcriptomics
83
study of all the proteins produced by cell(s)
Proteomics
84
study of metabolic expression in cells
Metabolomics

Microbiology (3 decks)

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