into to organic chemistry Flashcards
What bond does an alkene have
Double
What bond does a alkane have
Single
Give me the order of alkanes/alkenes
Methane 1
Ethane 2
Propane 3
Butane 4
Pentane 5
Hextane 6
Heptane 7
Octane 8
Nontane 9
Dectane 10
What is the general formula for a Alkane
CnH2nplus2
What is the general formula for a alkene
CnH2n
What is the structure and prefix of alkanes
R-C-C-R
-ane
What is the structure and prefix of an alkene?
R-C=C-R
-ene
What is the structure and prefix of an alcohol?
R-OH
-ol
-hydroxy-
What is the structure and prefix of an aldehyde?
R-C=O-H
-al
What is the structure and prefix of a ketone?
R-C=O-R
-one
What is the structure and prefix of carbonylic acid?
R-C=O-OH
R-COOH
-oic acid
What is the prefix of a halogenoalkane?
Fluro-
Chloro-
Brumo-
Iodo-
For a triple bond for a skeletal formula is it a zigzag?
No, it’s a straight line
What is the first rule for naming molecules?
Number 1.
number the carbon chain starting nearest a branch of a functional group e.g. longest chain
What is the second rule for naming molecules?
The longest chain equals the stem of the name, e.g. eight carbons equals octo
What is the third rule for naming molecules
Identify the functional group it will be a prefix, e.g. octoane
What is the fourth group of naming a molecule?
Identify any branches and their numbered carbons
Methyl CH3
Ethyl C2H5
Propyl C3H7
What is the fifth rule for naming molecules?
Use di tri or tetron if they are multiple branches/functional group
What is the sixth rule in naming molecules?
If you have methanol and ethanol in the same branch, they are written in alphabetical order
What is Aliphatic
a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or
non-aromatic rings
Alicyclic
an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
Aromatic
a compound containing a benzene ring
what is a structural isomer?
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
what is a chain isomer
same molecular formula but different arrangement of carbon skelton
what is a postion isomer
same functional group of the molecule but a different postion on the carbon atom
what is a functional group isomer
same molecular formula but different functional group
what is a curly arrow
used to describe the movement of an electron pair during a reaction
it can show hetrolytic fission or a formation of a covalent bond
what is homolytic fission
each bonding atom receives one electon from the bonded pair forming two radicals
what is hetrolytic fission?
one bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair leading to a formation of positive and negative ions
types of reaction?
addition-reactants combine to form the products
subsition-one functional group is replaced by another functional group
oxidation-a species loses at least one electron and is oxidised
what is a radical?
a species with a unpaired electron
explaining the boiling points meant by isomers of carbons
boiling points decrease with more branching or shorter carbon chains
more branching gives less surface contact and weaker london forces
so there’s less energy to break london forces
what is electrophile?
electron pair acceptor
general formula for carboxylic acid
CnH2nO2
definition of homologous series
series of compounds with the same functional group each successive member differing by CH2
allyl v alkyl
alkyl CnH2n+1
allyl CnH2n-1 (halogen eg Br)
what is nucleophile?
electron pair donor
cycloalkanes formula
CnH2n
explain the increase of larger carbon chain cycloalkanes boiling points
more carbons so stronger van der waals forces so more energy is needed to break intermolecular/ london forces
what is meant by stereoisomers?
compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement of atoms in space
