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Large GI > Intestines > Flashcards

Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

What is intestinal volvulus?

A

Rotation of viscera about it’s mesenteric attachment.

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of intestinal volvulus?

A
  1. volvulus of the root of the mesentery

2. volvulus of the jejunoileal flange

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3
Q

What are the biggest clinical signs of volvulus around the root of the mesentery?

A

Distended SI on rectal, pings in RIGHT paralumbar fossa, cardiovascular shock

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4
Q

How are clinical signs of volvulus of jejunoileal flange compared to root of mesentery?

A

Very similar except jejunoileal does NOT have severe CV shock

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5
Q

Where do you incise for surgical correct of intestinal volvulus?

A

Right paralumbar fossa

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6
Q

What is the “intussusceptum”?

A

invaginated portion

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7
Q

What is the “intussuscipiens”?

A

receiving portion

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8
Q

What is the classic clinical sign of intussusception?

A

diminshed fecal output

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9
Q

What are typical clin path signs of intussusception?

A

hypokalemia/hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, hemoconcentration as they become dehydrated

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10
Q

What is the surgcal approach and procedure to correct intussusception?

A

Right paralumbar fossa approach (left lateral recumb), intestinal recision and anastomosis (remove healthy intestine on both sides)

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11
Q

What is hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Intraluminal-intramural hemorrhage of the small intestine, acute enteritis often occurs

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12
Q

What 3 factors are present for hemorrhagic bowel syndrome to occur?

A
  1. C perfringens in GI tract
  2. abundance of nutrients, carbs for organism
  3. disruption of intestinal motility
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13
Q

What two organisms are involved in hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Clostridium perfringens type A

Aspergillus fumigatus

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14
Q

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is most common in what species?

A

Dairy cattle

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15
Q

What is a cardinal sign of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

scant, dark-red hemorrhagic feces or absence of feces

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16
Q

What feature will you find on an exploratory surgery of a hemorrhagic bowel syndrome case?

A

Section of bowel distended by blood or blood clot

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17
Q

What is the best form of prevention of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A

Roughage

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18
Q

What organisms cause coccidosis?

A

Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zurnii

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19
Q

What conditions lead to from just coccidia to coccidosis?

A

Stressors, overcrowding, poor sanitation

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20
Q

What signalment is most common for coccidosis?

A

Young calves around weaning time

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21
Q

How is coccidosis diagnosed?

A

Coccidia on fecal, hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in intestinal mucosa

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22
Q

When do clinical signs of coccidosis occur?

A

After life cycle has been completed

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23
Q

What are the treatment/prevention options for coccidosis?

A

Treatment: Amprolium, Sulfamethazine
Prevention: Amprolium, Ionophores

24
Q

What season, region, and signalment do you see with winter dysentery?

A

winter months in northern states; young adult dairy cattle that are housed

25
Q

What is the etiology behind winter dysentery?

A

Bovine coronavirus

26
Q

What are the clinical signs of winter dysentery?

A 
severe diarrhea (large volume!!!), mild resp, dec milk production
high morbidity and low mortality
27
Q

What causes the large volume of diarrhea assoc with winter dysentery?

A

Colonic mucosal epithelial cell destruction, leads to transudation of fluid

28
Q

What is the organism that causes the number 1 foodborne contaminant?

A

Salmonella enterica

29
Q

What are clinical signs assoc with acute infection of salmonellosis?

A

ADULT dairy cattle, assoc with concurrent diseases. Enteric form–pyrexia, fetid watery diarrhea, severe drop in milk production.

30
Q

What are clinical signs assoc with neonate infection of salmonellosis?

A

YOUNG dairy calves <2 weeks old.

Septic form–intractable diarrhea, pyrexia, weakness

31
Q

What serotype commonly causes sepitcemic salmonellosis?

A

Salmonella dublin

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of septicemic salmonellosis?

A

Meningitis, penumonia, polyarthritis, abortions in adult cattle

33
Q

What kind of diarrhea is seen with salmonellosis in feedlot cattle?

A

Signs appear soon after arrival, will have mucohemorrhagic diarrhea.

34
Q

How is salmonella bacteria transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral
Direct=contaminated feed
Indirect=contaminated pasture

35
Q

How is salmonellosis diagnosed?

A

Fecal culture, rectal biopsy/culture, serology for S. dublin

36
Q

What is NOT commonly used as treatment for salmonellosis? What should you use as treatment?

A

Antibiotics (ie don’t pick this as a treatment option on exam)
IV fluids, electrolytes.

37
Q

What signalment is associated with cecal dilation and volvulus?

A

Adult dairy cattle within 60 days of parturition

38
Q

What will you feel on rectal in a cecal dilation?

A

Manure is loose and decreased in volume, apex of cecum may be palpated in pelvic canal

39
Q

What will you feel on rectal of a cecal volvulus?

A

Manure is scant or absent, distended body of cecum, apex is cranial

40
Q

How are cecal dilation and volvulus related?

A

Dilation leads to volvulus

41
Q

What is the pathophysiology of cecal dilation/volvulus?

A

Carbs escape from forestomach, cecal micro-organisms metabolize carbs to VFAs/methane/CO2, reduced motility and gas accumulation cause dilation

42
Q

Does cecal dilation or volvulus require surgical correction?

A

Volvulus does, simple dilation can be treated with antacids and SQ calcium

43
Q

Why does cecal volvulus commonly recur?

A

Cannot pexy the cecum like with an abomasal volvulus.

44
Q

What are the two common sites of atresia coli?

A

Anus, spiral colon

45
Q

How does atresia coli occur?

A

Congenital condition

46
Q

What occurs with rectal prolapse? What species is it most common in?

A

Portion of rectal wall or the entire rectal tube protrudes through the anal ring, PIGS

47
Q

What conditions can cause rectal prolapse?

A

Tenesmus, increased abdominal pressure, loss of perianal muscle tone

48
Q

What is Type 1 rectal prolapse?

A

Rectal mucosa and submucosa protrude through anus

49
Q

What is Type 2 rectal prolapse?

A

Eversion of part of the ampulla recti through the anus

50
Q

What is Type 3 rectal prolapse?

A

Larger than type 1 or 2

51
Q

What is Type 4 rectal prolapse?

A

Intussusception of rectum through anus

52
Q

What are correction methods for rectal prolapse?

A 
Purse string suture.
Purse string with irritant injection.
Submucosal resection (just remove damaged mucosa).
Ring amputation.
Surgical amputation.
53
Q

What are common causes of peritonitis?

A 
Traumatic perforation
Visceral rupture
Abscess rupture
Iatrogenic
Hematogenous spread
Mesenteric fat necrosis
54
Q

What are the characteristics of normal peritoneal fluid?

A

Less than 1ml/kg BW, clear, low specific gravity, few cells, few neutrophils

55
Q

What is the typical clinical sign of peritonitis?

A

Ileus

56
Q

What are treatment options for peritonitis?

A

Supportive therapy, antibiotic, ID primary cause and treat that

Large GI (4 decks)

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