Intestines Flashcards
What is intestinal volvulus?
Rotation of viscera about it’s mesenteric attachment.
What are the 2 types of intestinal volvulus?
- volvulus of the root of the mesentery
2. volvulus of the jejunoileal flange
What are the biggest clinical signs of volvulus around the root of the mesentery?
Distended SI on rectal, pings in RIGHT paralumbar fossa, cardiovascular shock
How are clinical signs of volvulus of jejunoileal flange compared to root of mesentery?
Very similar except jejunoileal does NOT have severe CV shock
Where do you incise for surgical correct of intestinal volvulus?
Right paralumbar fossa
What is the “intussusceptum”?
invaginated portion
What is the “intussuscipiens”?
receiving portion
What is the classic clinical sign of intussusception?
diminshed fecal output
What are typical clin path signs of intussusception?
hypokalemia/hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, hemoconcentration as they become dehydrated
What is the surgcal approach and procedure to correct intussusception?
Right paralumbar fossa approach (left lateral recumb), intestinal recision and anastomosis (remove healthy intestine on both sides)
What is hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Intraluminal-intramural hemorrhage of the small intestine, acute enteritis often occurs
What 3 factors are present for hemorrhagic bowel syndrome to occur?
- C perfringens in GI tract
- abundance of nutrients, carbs for organism
- disruption of intestinal motility
What two organisms are involved in hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Clostridium perfringens type A
Aspergillus fumigatus
Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is most common in what species?
Dairy cattle
What is a cardinal sign of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
scant, dark-red hemorrhagic feces or absence of feces
What feature will you find on an exploratory surgery of a hemorrhagic bowel syndrome case?
Section of bowel distended by blood or blood clot
What is the best form of prevention of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
Roughage
What organisms cause coccidosis?
Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zurnii
What conditions lead to from just coccidia to coccidosis?
Stressors, overcrowding, poor sanitation
What signalment is most common for coccidosis?
Young calves around weaning time
How is coccidosis diagnosed?
Coccidia on fecal, hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions in intestinal mucosa
When do clinical signs of coccidosis occur?
After life cycle has been completed
What are the treatment/prevention options for coccidosis?
Treatment: Amprolium, Sulfamethazine
Prevention: Amprolium, Ionophores
What season, region, and signalment do you see with winter dysentery?
winter months in northern states; young adult dairy cattle that are housed
What is the etiology behind winter dysentery?
Bovine coronavirus
What are the clinical signs of winter dysentery?
severe diarrhea (large volume!!!), mild resp, dec milk production high morbidity and low mortality
What causes the large volume of diarrhea assoc with winter dysentery?
Colonic mucosal epithelial cell destruction, leads to transudation of fluid
What is the organism that causes the number 1 foodborne contaminant?
Salmonella enterica
What are clinical signs assoc with acute infection of salmonellosis?
ADULT dairy cattle, assoc with concurrent diseases. Enteric form–pyrexia, fetid watery diarrhea, severe drop in milk production.
What are clinical signs assoc with neonate infection of salmonellosis?
YOUNG dairy calves <2 weeks old.
Septic form–intractable diarrhea, pyrexia, weakness
What serotype commonly causes sepitcemic salmonellosis?
Salmonella dublin
What are the clinical signs of septicemic salmonellosis?
Meningitis, penumonia, polyarthritis, abortions in adult cattle
What kind of diarrhea is seen with salmonellosis in feedlot cattle?
Signs appear soon after arrival, will have mucohemorrhagic diarrhea.
How is salmonella bacteria transmitted?
Fecal-oral
Direct=contaminated feed
Indirect=contaminated pasture
How is salmonellosis diagnosed?
Fecal culture, rectal biopsy/culture, serology for S. dublin
What is NOT commonly used as treatment for salmonellosis? What should you use as treatment?
Antibiotics (ie don’t pick this as a treatment option on exam)
IV fluids, electrolytes.
What signalment is associated with cecal dilation and volvulus?
Adult dairy cattle within 60 days of parturition
What will you feel on rectal in a cecal dilation?
Manure is loose and decreased in volume, apex of cecum may be palpated in pelvic canal
What will you feel on rectal of a cecal volvulus?
Manure is scant or absent, distended body of cecum, apex is cranial
How are cecal dilation and volvulus related?
Dilation leads to volvulus
What is the pathophysiology of cecal dilation/volvulus?
Carbs escape from forestomach, cecal micro-organisms metabolize carbs to VFAs/methane/CO2, reduced motility and gas accumulation cause dilation
Does cecal dilation or volvulus require surgical correction?
Volvulus does, simple dilation can be treated with antacids and SQ calcium
Why does cecal volvulus commonly recur?
Cannot pexy the cecum like with an abomasal volvulus.
What are the two common sites of atresia coli?
Anus, spiral colon
How does atresia coli occur?
Congenital condition
What occurs with rectal prolapse? What species is it most common in?
Portion of rectal wall or the entire rectal tube protrudes through the anal ring, PIGS
What conditions can cause rectal prolapse?
Tenesmus, increased abdominal pressure, loss of perianal muscle tone
What is Type 1 rectal prolapse?
Rectal mucosa and submucosa protrude through anus
What is Type 2 rectal prolapse?
Eversion of part of the ampulla recti through the anus
What is Type 3 rectal prolapse?
Larger than type 1 or 2
What is Type 4 rectal prolapse?
Intussusception of rectum through anus
What are correction methods for rectal prolapse?
Purse string suture. Purse string with irritant injection. Submucosal resection (just remove damaged mucosa). Ring amputation. Surgical amputation.
What are common causes of peritonitis?
Traumatic perforation Visceral rupture Abscess rupture Iatrogenic Hematogenous spread Mesenteric fat necrosis
What are the characteristics of normal peritoneal fluid?
Less than 1ml/kg BW, clear, low specific gravity, few cells, few neutrophils
What is the typical clinical sign of peritonitis?
Ileus
What are treatment options for peritonitis?
Supportive therapy, antibiotic, ID primary cause and treat that
