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Large GI > Calf Scours > Flashcards

Calf Scours Flashcards

1
Q

What is the number one host factor for developing neonatal diarrhea complex (NDC)?

A

Level of immunity–passive transfer! Need to ingest 50mL/kg BW of colostrum within first 8-12 hrs

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2
Q

What are the biggest factors of enviro management assoc with NDC?

A

Overcrowding, poor sanitation

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3
Q

What are the top 5 infectious agents assoc with NDC?

A

Bacteria–E coli, Salmonella
Protozoa–Cryptosporidium parvum
Viruses–Rotavirus, Coronavirus

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4
Q

What signs are indicative of sepsis from NDC?

A

Enlarged unbilicus/joints, hypopyon, severe depression, injected sclera

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5
Q

What are common metabolic derangements of NDC?

A

Dehydration–hypovolemia.
Acidosis
Electrolyte abnormalities–hyperkalemia.
Hypoglycemia–negative energy balance

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6
Q

When NDC is caused by E coli, when are signs first seen?

A

Diarrhea in first 3-5 days, severe and watery

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7
Q

How do you diagnose what agent is causing NDC?

A

Culture

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8
Q

What is unique about the histopathology of E coli?

A

Bacteria only adheres to the mucosal surface, does not cause necrosis

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9
Q

How can you prevent NDC caused by E coli?

A

Control enviro for pathogen build up, ensure adequate colostrum and thus passive transfer, vaccinate dam

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10
Q

What is the biggest reason for septicemic E coli?

A

Failure of passive transfer

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11
Q

How do you diagnose septicemic E coli?

A

Fibrin in joint spaces, assess passive transfer

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12
Q

Where is cryptosporidium parvum found naturally?

A

Jejunum, ileum, cecum, and spiral colon

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13
Q

Where is cryptosporidium muris found naturally?

A

Abomasum

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14
Q

Cryptosporidium is not host specific and therefore ______.

A

ZOONOTIC

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15
Q

What is the signalment for cryptosporidiosis?

A

1-4 week old calves

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of crypto?

A

yellow, watery, malodorous diarrhea, lasts 6-10 days

17
Q

Why is crypto hard to treat with drugs?

A

Intracellular but extracytoplasmic, in a protected enviro frmo drugs so hard to get to it

18
Q

Why can crypto cause autoinfection (unlike coccidian)?

A

oocysts can sporulate in the gut and are immediately infectious

19
Q

Where in the gut does crypto reside?

A

distal SI and LI

20
Q

How does crypto affect the intestinal villi?

A

Atrophy and fusion, causes malabsorptive diarrhea

21
Q

What age is optimum sampling time for diagnosing crypto?

A

12 days old

22
Q

What are the treatments for crypto?

A

Correct acid-base imbalances, fluid replacement, NO anti-crypto agent for calves right now

23
Q

How can crypto be prevented?

A

Sanitation, hygiene, cleanliness, vaccination

24
Q

What disease does clostridium perfringens cause?

A

Enterotoxemia

25
Q

What is the morbidity/mortality of C perfringens?

A

low morbidity, HIGH mortality–10% affected, 100% die

26
Q

What is the most common type of C perfringens?

A

Type C–causes segmental enteritis in calves

27
Q

What is the signalment for C perfringens?

A

calves less than 2 weeks old, usually the healthiest/fastest growing ones

28
Q

What are the clinical signs of C perfringens?

A

Sudden death, diarrhea from hemorrhagic enteritis, abdominal pain, depression, neuro signs

29
Q

What is the pathophysiology of C perfringens? (ie why is it so deadly?)

A

Colostrum contains trypsin inhibitors, which prevents proteolysis of immunoglobulins and beta toxin that C perfringens produces. Calf doesn’t have enough proteases yet, which break down proteins as well as beta toxin. Clostridium grows best in a protein-rich enviro, releases enterotoxins which cause necrosis of the SI.

30
Q

What pathology will you see with C perfringens enterotoxemia?

A

necrosis of SI, swollen/hemorrhagic mesenteric LN, petechial/ecchymotic hemorrages

31
Q

How can you diagnose C perfringens?

A

Necropsy, anaerobic culture of intestinal samples, typing of toxins, histopath, anaerobic bacterial culture

32
Q

Is treatment an option for C perfringens enterotoxemia?

A

Generally unsuccessful…but hyperimmune serum, fluids, IF/IM penicillin, NSAIDs

33
Q

When do you vaccinate the dam to prevent C perfringens enterotoxemia?

A

2 injections 1 month apart, final one should be about 2 weeks prior to calving

34
Q

When do you vaccinate the calf to prevent C perfringens enterotoxemia?

A

8, 12, 16 weeks of age on problem farms

Large GI (4 decks)

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