Intestinal and Liver Pathology II

Question 1

80% of obstructions in the intestines are due to?

Answer 1

• herniations
• adhesions
• intussusception
• volvulus

Question 2

10-20% of obstructions in the intestines are due to?

Answer 2

tumours or infarcts

Question 3

what is a hernia

Answer 3

weakness or defect in abdominal wall -> protrusion of peritoneum

Question 4

what is the termed for trapped bowel

Answer 4

incarceration

Question 5

what is the term for trapped and ischemic bowel

Answer 5

strangulated

Question 6

intussusception in adults usually occurs due to a ? in the small bowel that disrupts motility

Answer 6

tumour

Question 7

what is ileus

Answer 7

painful obstruction of the ileum that greatly decreases motility

Question 8

what are the two phases of intestinal ischemia

Answer 8

hypoxic injury and reperfusion injury

Question 9

what is hypoxic injury

Answer 9

epithelium, muscular layers are relatively resistant to ischemia, so damage is relatively limited early on

Question 10

what is reperfusion injury

Answer 10

as blood supply is re-established, free radical production, neutrophil infiltration and release of inflammatory mediators

Question 11

what is coagulative necrosis

Answer 11

perforation and inflammation of the serosa or peritoneum

Question 12

what is angiodysplasia

Answer 12

malformed submucosal and mucosal blood vessels

Question 13

what is the most common abdominal surgical emergency

Answer 13

appendicitis

Question 14

what are the different phases of hepatitis infection

Answer 14

1. incubation period
2. symptomatic preicteric phase
3. symptomatic icteric phase
4. convalescence

Question 15

what is the genome of hepatitis A

Answer 15

ssRNA

Question 16

what is the genome of hepatitis B

Answer 16

dsDNA

Question 17

what is the genome of hepatitis C

Answer 17

ssRNA

Question 18

what is the genome of hepatitis D

Answer 18

ssRNA

Question 19

what is the route of transmission for hepatitis A

Answer 19

Fecal-oral

Question 20

what is the route of transmission for hepatitis B

Answer 20

parenteral, sexual transmission

Question 21

what is the route of transmission for hepatitis C

Answer 21

parenteral

Question 22

what is the route of transmission for hepatitis D

Answer 22

parenteral

Question 23

what is the incubation period for hepatitis A

Answer 23

2-6 weeks

Question 24

what is the incubation period for hepatitis B

Answer 24

2-26 weeks

Question 25

what is the incubation period for hepatitis C

Answer 25

4-26 weeks

Question 26

what is the incubation period for hepatitis D

Answer 26

2-26 weeks

Question 27

is chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis A

Answer 27

never

Question 28

is chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis B

Answer 28

5-10%

Question 29

is chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis C

Answer 29

>80%

Question 30

is chronic liver disease associated with hepatitis D

Answer 30

10-90%

Question 31

what is the most prevalent form of hepatitis in the world

Answer 31

hepatitis B

Question 32

which hepatitis needs coinfection with hepatitis B for its life cycle

Answer 32

hepatitis D

Question 33

which hepatitis is associated with a very high mortality in pregnant women and is associated with zoonosis that results in self-limited acute hepatitis

Answer 33

hepatitis E

Question 34

what are the 3 distinct but overlapping forms of alcoholic liver injury

Answer 34

1. hepatitis 2. hepatic steatosis 3. steatofibrosis

Question 35

alcohol promotes movement of ? from the gut into the portal circulation which leads to ?

Answer 35

bacterial endotoxin liver inflammation

Question 36

what is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Answer 36

steatosis in the absence of significant alcohol consumption

Question 37

what is the most common cause of liver disease in US

Answer 37

NAFLD

Question 38

what happens with low doses of acetaminophen toxicity

Answer 38

conjugated and excreted in urine

Question 39

what happens with high doses of acetaminophen toxicity

Answer 39

increased production of NAPQI, if glutathione reserves are insufficient, then this reactive molecule damages hepatocytes

Question 40

what are the two types of autoimmune hepatitis

Answer 40

type 1: presence of ANA(antinuclear antibodies) and anti-smooth muscle antibodies type 2: presence of anti-cytochrome antibodies

Question 41

portal hypertension is caused by ?

Answer 41

a combination of increased resistance to blood flow through the portal circulation, and a "hyperdynamic circulation"

Question 42

what is cholangitis

Answer 42

bacterial infection of the bile ducts

Question 43

what is the main concern for diseases of the extrahepatic ducts

Answer 43

sepsis, the patient can go into septic shock