Interviewing witnesses

Question 1

Baldwin

Answer 1

Conducted for the home office: evaluated over 400 interviews and found that over one third were poorly conducted. along with well publicised miscarriages of justice due to poor interviewing. Guildford four

Question 2

Milne and Bull

Answer 2

national review of investigative interviewing

Question 3

Fisher and Geiselman

Answer 3

USA having issues with witnesses not giving enough information. created the cognitive Interview, concerned with the retrieval of information from memory for cooperative witnesses

Question 4

The Cognitive Interview

Answer 4

report everything
mental reinstatement of context
change temporal order
change perspective

Question 5

Tulving and Pearlstone

Answer 5

there are two reasons why people forget
the memory trace was no longer available
the memory trace was inaccessible
the CI tries to address the second issue

Question 6

encoding specificity theory

Answer 6

retrieval depends on association between target memory trace and how similar environment is to encoding environment

Question 7

multiple trace theory

Answer 7

each memory entails multiple ,memory codes. when accessed and fed to the output system they reconstruct the original event

Question 8

schema theory

Answer 8

the extent to which an event fits with script may affect our memory of it

Question 9

Fisher ECI

Answer 9

rapport
report everything 
context reinstatement 
questioning 
change temporal order 
change perspective 
summary 
closure

Question 10

Fisher, Geiselman, Raymond

Answer 10

compared CI and ECI
ECI 45% more correct details
however no significant differences for incorrect or confabulated details

Question 11

Fisher, Geiselman, Amador

Answer 11

field study with real witnesses and victims

63% more information gathered after ECI training

Question 12

KohnKen

Answer 12

effectiveness of ECI
compared against SI
interviewers gathered 62% more information

Question 13

Kebbell, milne, wagstaff

Answer 13

police perceptions of the ECI
survey of england and wales officers 95 trained 65 untrained
trained group more likely to use MRC, CP and CTO
trained officers used rapport, RE, WCQ, MRC more frequently, perceived them as more useful than other techniques
problem of time

Question 14

Dando,

Answer 14

junior officers typically investigate volume crime
some CI techniques used MRC and RE
some techniques reported as never used

Question 15

Clarke and Milne

Answer 15

83% of interviews CI wasn’t used properly

43% of interviews contained inappropriate/leading questions

Question 16

Dando, wilcock and milne 2009

Answer 16

48 junior police officers
97% of officers got a free recall account 47% built rapport 6% used MRC
There were significant differences in officers use of different components

Question 17

Issues with ECI

Answer 17

cognitively demanding for the interviewer

time consuming

Question 18

Clarke and Milne

Answer 18

Believed to be too bulky for many less serious crimes

Question 19

Kebbell

Answer 19

many of the components believed to be ineffective

Question 20

modifying witness compatible questioning, Category clustering recall

Answer 20

recall instructions rather than questioning, recall again, but this time organise information into categories

Question 21

CCR

Answer 21

more natural, we naturally encode, organise and recall according to semantic categories
less difficult for witness
less challenging for interviewer as they do not have to design questions
less interference from interviewer thus less contamination

Question 22

modified CI

Answer 22

addresses issues with MRC and CTO which are not often used, conducted poorly and difficult to conduct
swaps MRC to Sketch MRC and CTO for FR

Question 23

Dando

Answer 23

sketch MRC
less time consuming 
witness providing retrieval cues, rather than interviewer therefore cues are more relevant 
less cognitively tasking 
shown to be as good as MRC 
same increase in correct details 
less confabulations 
quicker

Question 24

modified CI for frontline officers

Answer 24

uses ECI but replaces MRC with Sketch RC and CTO with additional FR