Eyewitness Testimony

Question 1

Kebbell and Milne

Answer 1

eyewitness testimony almost always provides the key investigative leads

Question 2

Wolchover

Answer 2

the prosecution often regards witness testimony as more important than an offenders confession

Question 3

cutler

Answer 3

eyewitness testimony is relied heavily on by jurors

Question 4

three stages of memory

Answer 4

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 5

brainerd

Answer 5

fuzzy trace theory
there are two types of memory gist and verbatim
gist memory is stronger than verbatim

Question 6

wells

Answer 6

variables that affect eyewitness memory

estimator- beyond police control

system variables- interview technique, id procedures

Question 7

estimator variables

Answer 7

ADVOKATE

time, distance, visibility, obstructions, known, errors

Question 8

weapon focus effect

Answer 8

if faced with a weapon memories in the rest of the scene were less details

Question 9

what are central details for witness and police

Answer 9

witnesses, things that help them make sence of the event

police, things that help them catch the perp

Question 10

Christianson

Answer 10

memory for central details better than peripheral

Question 11

Talarico

Answer 11

people remember more peripheral details in positive events than negative ones

Question 12

how does emotion effect memory

Answer 12

easterbrook- cue utilisation theory, attention narrowing

Christianson- emotional memory process differently

Question 13

retrieval issues

Answer 13

omission errors- details that the witness leaves out of their testimony
errors of commission-
details that did not happen but the witness includes

Question 14

The effects of delay

Answer 14

turtle

participants who recalled event 3 weeks later recalled 43% less than immediate recall group

Question 15

Tuckey

Answer 15

over time schema-consistent and schema-inconsistent details are remembered better than schema irrelevant ones

Question 16

Yuille

Answer 16

more recall and more accurate after 12 weeks if they experienced an interview at week 1

Question 17

suggestibility

Answer 17

leading question leads to suggestible response

Question 18

Loftus

Answer 18

asked participants either, contacted, hit, bumped, collided or smashed
participants estimates of speed differed to what word was used

participants who were in the smashed condition were more likely to say there was broken glass at the scene when there was none

Question 19

compliance

Answer 19

if the interviewee doesn’t believe the leading question but says it anyway

Question 20

delayed suggestibility

Answer 20

exposed to misleading information after the fact

Question 21

conformity

Answer 21

talks to other witnesses includes their information

Question 22

Paterson

Answer 22

looking at eyewitness accuracy after post event misinformation

co witness discussion only 21% accurate
leading questions 43% accurate

Question 23

response bias

Answer 23

witnesses choose an answer they know is wrong to make the interviewer happy
Echterhoff

Question 24

memory alteration

Answer 24

loftus

the original memory is overwritten with the misinformed detail

Question 25

source monitoring failure

Answer 25

remember the detail but don’t remember if its something they saw or only heard
Johnson

Question 26

eisen

Answer 26

not all individuals are susceptible to suggestion

Question 27

Dodd

Answer 27

the impact of post event information varies with the credibility of the messenger

Question 28

Mueller Johnson

Answer 28

both children and the elderly tend to be more suggestible t

Question 29

Maras

Answer 29

people with intellectual disibilities can be particularly suggestible

Question 30

Ridley

Answer 30

anxiety, low self esteem, negative life events make individuals more suggestible

Question 31

Wade

Answer 31

Across 13 experiments 37% of participants reported a false memory