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Interview Prep Flashcards

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1
Q

What do I want from a medical school?

A

PBL/CBL - application of the science into real life scenarios

Full body dissection - practical way of anatomy which can’t be learnt from a textbook

Clinical placements throughout the course and lots of patient contact

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2
Q

Manchester unique points

A

Support team for medical students

Technology enhanced learning - free iPads

PEP programme - research projects and analysing literature

Focus on independent learning and small group sizes for PBL

Peak District and audacious

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3
Q

Cardiff unique points

A

Varied placements - more than just city medicine

Altruistic approach

Medic sports teams

Medic support systems

Spiral learning - revisiting topics but each time having more patient contact and more responsibility

Harmonised 5th year - not exam focused and elective for Africa

Simulator

World leading in clinical neurosciences

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4
Q

Teamwork examples

A

Youth - task distribution and involving seniors

Hospice - coordinating with the chef, nurses and other volunteers to ensure efficiency

Painting the church - me on the scaffolding, those older lower down

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5
Q

Welsh NHS

A

No NHS prescription charge

7 health boards - each is responsible for delivering all healthcare services

3 trusts

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6
Q

GMC roles

A

Keeping a register of all qualified doctors

Fostering good medical practice

Promoting high standards of medical education and training

Dealing with doctors who may not be fit to practice

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7
Q

Informed consent

A

Means that the patient has consented to a procedure or treatment having been given and having considered all the facts that were necessary for a decision to be reached

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8
Q

Four principles of medical ethics plus another key point

A

Autonomy - patient has the right to make their own decisions

Beneficence - do good and act in the best interests of the patient

Non-maleficence - doctors shouldn’t act in a way that will harm

Justice - fairness in medical practice, only discriminate based on clinical needs

Confidentiality

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9
Q

Why GP?

A

Holistic approach to patient care - lifestyle intervention

Ongoing patient relationship

More flexibility to accommodate work life balance

Variety

Work in the community

Opportunity to run lifestyle intervention clinics

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10
Q

Recent medical interests

A

China study

Dr Esselstyn and heart disease

Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia reverses grey matter atrophy in those with fibro

Preliminary ideas of using medication to combat insulin resistance to help reduce pain from fibro

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11
Q

Welsh trusts

A

Welsh ambulance services

Velindre NHS trust - specialist cancer care and support

Public Health Wales - organisation as opposed to delivery of healthcare

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12
Q

What does Crowland GP practice provide that hospitals often can’t?

A

Additional support for carers

Smoking cessation service

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13
Q

20th century medical advances

A

Boost in pharmacology - vaccines e.g. Smallpox and polio
Antibiotics - penicillin Alexander Fleming

Imaging - PET, MRI, ultrasound imaging

Artificial organs - for kidney failure

Prosthetics

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14
Q

Politics in healthcare

A

Working hours - European time directive

Funding

Regulation - e.g. Of pharmaceutical companies

Rationing - making cuts and restrictions

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15
Q

Holistic medicine

A

Treating the patient as a whole

Not only physical but also social and psychological issues

E.g. Rash - give them ointment but also determine whether it could’ve been caused by a stressful lifestyle

Chronic illness - not just the physical aspects but the psychological and social impact

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16
Q

IT in medicine

A

Sending referrals

Storing patient data

Pathology results e.g. Blood tests

Imaging results

Organs could be built using 3D printer

Teaching and research

Patients can make GP appointments and request repeat prescriptions

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17
Q

A doctors team

A

Other doctors

Nurses and healthcare assistants

Secretaries and receptionists

GPs and other specialists

Dietitians

Porters

Cleaners

Physiotherapists

Patients

Social workers

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18
Q

Extended roles of nurses

A

Due to the decrease in doctors working hours nurses have been able to take extended roles in medicine:

Advanced nurse practitioners

Speciality nurse practitioners

Managerial nurses

Research nurses

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19
Q

Does the bulk of medical treatment occur in the community or the hospital?

A

In the community:

Self-medication

GPs are the first port of call

Some GPs can provide basic specialist care

Chronic diseases

Community speciality doctors

Outreach clinics

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20
Q

Multiculturalism in medicine

A

Can impact treatment - Jehovahs witnesses and blood transfusions

Widening participation schemes for medical schools

Results in medical practitioners requiring education about cultures and beliefs

Language barriers

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21
Q

Euthanasia

A

Active euthanasia - act of ending someone’s life through a practical action

Passive euthanasia - lack of action results in the death

Voluntary euthanasia - euthanasia with consent

Non-voluntary euthanasia - where the person whose life has ended was unable to give consent

Involuntary euthanasia - where the person whose life was ended was able to give consent but said no to euthanasia or wasn’t asked

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22
Q

Arguments in favour of euthanasia

A

Patients should be allowed to choose what is best for them

Patients can avoid lengthy and unnecessary suffering

Patients can die with dignity at a time of their choices

It would free up beds and other NHS resources

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23
Q

Arguments against euthanasia

A

Goes against religious principles - doctors or relatives playing God

People may have changed their mind at a later time when they may have already passed away

Cases where lost causes have recovered

Difficult to set specific criteria

Relatives could face murder charges or abuse the situation

Patient may be pressured into it

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24
Q

Causes of anger, stress, aggression etc in patients

A

Influence of drugs

They are in pain

Waiting times and delays

They don’t feel they are being listened to

Fear

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25
Q

Advantages of PBL

A

Provides a practical view of medicine

Small group teaching - greater contributions from each student

Promotes teamwork

Early exposure to clinical scenarios and patient contact

Facilitator makes sure the learning is guided in the right direction

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26
Q

Disadvantages of PBL

A

Some topics may be best taught formally

May leave gaps which would need to be filled by lectures or reading

Learning experience is dependent on the rest of your team

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27
Q

Advantages of lecture-based learning

A

Ensures all students receive the same information

Students drive their own learning experience

Strong background in scientific principles

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28
Q

Disadvantages of lecture-based learning

A

No real life application for the first few years

Patient contact is delayed

Lectures can be boring

Difficult to participate and ask questions

Same pace of learning for all students

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29
Q

Qualities that make a good doctor

A

Empathy

Teamwork

Communication

Remaining calm under pressure

Integrity

30
Q

Skills learnt from my hospice work experience

A

Communication - particularly listening to patients and relatives

Empathy

Building trust

Teamwork

Patience

31
Q

Skills learnt from youth work and peer mentoring

A

Communication

Being a role model/leader

Teamwork

32
Q

Key situations in the hospice

A

Puzzles and time with Bruce - he had no visitors

The angry lady when I brought her food

The relative who I spoke to about her situation she just needed someone to talk to

Ivy - made her day by going out of my way to bring royals news

33
Q

Tibial head

A

The top of the bone below the knee on the inside of the leg

AKA the shinbone

34
Q

Why do you want to be a doctor?

A

Unique combination of science and caring for others

Discovered that I wanted to involve the care of others in my career through voluntary work in a youth group and a hospice

Discovered how much I enjoyed medical science from my EPQ project and also the PBL taster sessions at open days

35
Q

Summary of the China Study

A

Most comprehensive study of its kind:

65 counties
367 variables used for thousands of comparisons e.g. Blood cholesterol to coronary heart disease

Concluded that a WFPB diet was optimal for human health

36
Q

Summary of How Not to Die

A

Unpacks the science of using nutrition in the prevention and treatment of diseases

Then gives more applied practical advice

Points that stood out to me:

Dr Neal Barnard study diabetes
Dr Esselstyn and heart disease
Diseases such as Alzheimers and dementia are linked with plaque build ups in the arteries of brain blood vessels
Dr Dean Ornish and prostate cancer

37
Q

Integrated course

A

A course where basic medical sciences are taught concurrently with clinical studies - not in separate years

38
Q

Advantages of integrated course

A

Students learn in context

Students are encouraged to take a more holistic approach

Promotion of communication, teamwork, application of knowledge and problem solving skills

Students are able to see a direct application of what they learn early on

39
Q

Disadvantages of an integrated course

A

Non-integrated course may provide a stronger underpinning of scientific theories of Medicine

Some topics may be omitted

May require teachers to teach outside their discipline

40
Q

How have I developed my communication skills

A

Presentations at school

Hospice work experience

Youth work

Teaching others complex science

41
Q

STARR framework

A

Situation/task

Action

Result

Reflection

42
Q

Attributes of a good team player

A

Understands his role in the team and how it fits within the whole picture

Respectful of others and supportive

Willing to help

Flexible and adaptable

Communicates constructively and listens actively - encouraging

Reliable, takes responsibility and ownership of his role

43
Q

Attributes of a good team leader

A

Has clear objectives and communicates effectively to the team

Leads by example

Understands and motivates the team

Communicates and interacts well with the team

Recognises the need for change and implements it - a decision maker

Flexible

44
Q

Advantages of being in a team

A

Able to spread the workload

Easier to gather ideas to deal with issues as everyone can contribute

Can learn from others

Able to rely on the support of others if you require assistance

Can achieve more through using everyone’s strengths

More social environment

45
Q

Disadvantages of being in a team

A

Too much input can be confusing - hinders decision making

There could be disputes and ‘group politics’

Requires a strong leader

Can be distracting having to many people around

46
Q

Shipman case

A

Harold Shipman was a practicing GP in the Manchester area who was convicted of murdering 15 patients mostly via opiates

47
Q

MMR vaccination Wakefield case

A

Results couldn’t be independently validated

His motives were wrong he wanted to scare people into buying a single-jab measles vaccine

Wakefield ignored data that conflicted with his hypothesis

48
Q

Revalidation

A

A system used to impose regular checks on doctors to ensure they are fit to practice

Licensed doctors must maintain a portfolio demonstrating good medical practice

Required to link to a responsible officer

Normally the responsible officer will make a recommendation to the GMC regarding fitness to practice every 5 years

49
Q

Clinical governance

A

Doctors should ensure their practice is compliant with latest evidence

Provide safe care to patients

Should own up to mistakes and learn from them

Constantly develop skills and should train others

Attentive to patient needs and take on board feedback

Recognise limitations and ask for help

50
Q

Organisational skills

A

Time management

Multitasking

Identifying the right resources

Plan effectively

Prioritise

Delegate tasks

Stay focused on the task at hand

51
Q

What is your main weakness?

A

Sometimes I can be over-empathetic which could lead to attachment to patients - I am learning from the hospice the balance between empathy and not becoming emotionally involved

Taking criticism too personally - but learning that criticism is a way to improve

52
Q

What makes a good teacher?

A

Knowledge

Communication skills

Generating interests

Respect

Approachable and supportive

53
Q

Reasons for cosmetic surgery

A

Embarrassment about a particular features

Physically inconvenienced by a feature e.g. Breast reduction to reduce backache

Low self-esteem due to the media

Pressure from others

54
Q

Advantages of private healthcare

A

Private healthcare reduces NHS waiting lists

People using private in effect pay twice so the NI contributions can be redirected to other patients

Some doctors use private work to supplement their income and may be driven out of medicine is this is unavailable

Takes some of the strain off the NHS in terms of budgets

55
Q

Disadvantages of private healthcare

A

Benefits the wealthier population leading to inequality

Some private institutions subcontract back to the NHS which diverts NHS time and resources away

Financially driven - could be issues with doctor motivation, may not be altruistic

56
Q

Inequalities in healthcare

A

Socio-economic inequalities - some areas are less educated regarding health

Geographical distribution of healthcare resources - postcode lottery

Private vs public healthcare

57
Q

Arguments for paying for your own healthcare

A

Currently you pay NI regardless of whether you use healthcare services or not - new system would mean you only pay for what you need

Prevents time wasting visits

Introduce competition at doctors’ level leaving to improved standards of care

May encourage healthier lifestyles

58
Q

Arguments against paying for your own healthcare

A

Would place the poor at a disadvantage

People may put off seeing a doctor when they need to - could cause problems when urgent medical attention is needed

Patients may choose cheapest treatments rather than the best option

Would disadvantage those with chronic illnesses

59
Q

Alternative medicine

Complementary medicine

A

Therapy taken instead of conventional treatment

Therapy taken alongside conventional treatment

60
Q

Arguments for alternative/complementary therapies

A

Some therapies take a very holistic approach fulfilling patients spiritual needs

Can offer future hope when conventional medicine has nothing left to offer

May have a role in treating side effects of conventional treatments and medical conditions

61
Q

Arguments against complementary medicine/alternative medicine

A

Not a very substantial evidence base

Mechanism of action of alternative therapies is poorly understood

Some complementary therapies involving taken substances that could be toxic

Poorly regulated

Alternative therapists aren’t doctors so won’t be able to advise the patient with the full picture in mind

62
Q

Self inflicted illnesses examples

A

Heart and hypertension due to an unhealthy lifestyle

Skin cancer following prolonged exposure to sun rays

Lung cancer due to smoking

Liver cirrhosis due to excessive drinking

It’s important to remember most disease are self inflicted to some extent

63
Q

Arguments for funding non essential surgery

A

Some of these surgeries arise from underlying psychological issues

Could lead to debts of patients if not funded

Not funding could push people to choose to have surgery in less regulated environments

64
Q

Arguments against funding non essential surgery

A

Some non essential surgeries may be better treated through psychological intervention

People may exploit and abuse this type of surgery being funded

Difficult to implement boundaries - it opens the floodgates and could require additional funding

65
Q

Why are 60% of medical school applicants female?

A

Statistics - more girls alive than boys at age 17

Academic success - girls tend to perform better than boys at exams

Government campaigns - Medicine was a male-dominated profession and the government encouraged girls to take up the profession

Work-life balance - European working time directive has reduced working hours making it easier for female doctors to start families

66
Q

Advantages of extending the role of nurses

A

May free up doctors’ time and helps reduce waiting lists

Better continuity of care for patients - doctors change posts frequently throughout their training

Nurses may be able to spend more time with patients

Acts as a motivator for nurses

67
Q

Disadvantages of the extended role of nurses

A

Nurses are taken away from frontline nursing care

Reduces opportunities for junior doctors which will adversely impact their training

Issue of patients’ confidence - they may not want to be treated by nurses and may prefer a doctor

68
Q

Example of being a leader

A

When organising the dodgeball and tug of war

Leading the presentations

69
Q

Solving the problem of transplant organ shortages

A

More research into alternatives to living organs

Introduce financial incentives

NHS communicating to help people get over the psychological barrier of donating organs to others

70
Q

Why do doctors no longer wear a white coats?

A

Infection control

An effort to get closer to patients and appear more professional

The white coat can be perceived to create an artificial barrier to the doctor-patient relationship

71
Q

Book that taught be about another side of medicine

A

Atul Gawande - Being Mortal

This book really emphasised to me the importance of quality of life over prolonging it

This concept I saw put into practice in the hospice

Physics (22 decks)

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