Interrogation and Torture Flashcards
Todd Johnson Bluff tactic
confessed to wife’s murder after 19hour interrogation, relied on DNA evidence
Madrid bombings (2004)
Terrorist train bombing a killed 191 people
- latent finger print matched to Brandon mayfield but it was Ouhane Daoud
Polygraph among Israeli police: (Eladd et al., 1994)
Considered deceptive among Israeli police when evidence inconclusive
Forensic confirmation bias
Influenced by psychological factors and contextual influences e.g. Directional, tunnel vision, motivation and confessions
Kassin et al (2013)
Judgements of fingerprints not quantitatively precise- no 2 identical
Contextual information on fingerprint decision (Dror et al 2006)
Only 1/5 experts could match already-matched fingerprints
Kassin et al (2003): guilt bias study
Mock crime (stole $100) or innocent. Presumptions of guilt affected type of questions, behaviour by observers. Interviewer judged 42% guilty compared to 19% innocent.
Accusatorial interrogation technique
Manipulative relationship, closed-ended questions, obtain a confession and anxiety-based cues
Information-gathering interrogation technique
Establish rapport, open-ended, obtain info and cognitive cues e.g. Recount in different order
PEACE Model
Preparation and planning, engage and explain, account, closure, evaluation
Positives about PEACE model
No attempt to detect deception, ties person to story, no coercive tactics and not focuses on confessions
Criticisms of PEACE model
Clarke and Milne (2001) 2/3rds police trained in PEACE but no differences;
Bill & Sokura (2009) 50% attempt to elicit contradictions
Who said: Vulnerable suspects = intellectual difficulties more likely to believe question would be retracted, treated leniently by CJS, less aware of consequences and could go home
Clare and Gudjonsson
Confession of 74 offenders in Iceland (Gudjonsson and Peterson (1991)
Confessed due to internal, external pressure and proof
3 types of confession (GUDJONSSON)
Voluntary, Coerced-compliant, coerced internalised
Kassin & Kiechel (1996)
ALT Key, 69% students signed confession when spectator said they did it
Redlich and Goodman (2003)
Children take more responsibility than adults for false action
Russano et al (2005)
Could decide to cheat or not on problem-solving task. 76% cheaters likely to confession than innocent 20.3%
More likely with minimisation techniques and deals than not
Dehumanisation and torture
Dehumanisation must be part of the psychological mechanism that underlies torture
Viki et al (2013)
Christians self-report willingness to torture Muslims when shown pictures of Abu Gharib
What is investigator bias?
Seeking/interpreting evidence that is impartial to existing beliefs, expectations or hypotheses at hand
Jeffrey Deskowic bluff tactic
6 hour interrogation that police collected DNA at rape and murder scene, 16 years before DNA matched to real perpetrator
What is a voluntary confession?
Choose to confess on their own will e.g. To protect someone
What is a coerced-compliant confession?
Confess to gain some reward e.g. Treated leniently, time off
What is a coerced-internalised confession?
Led to believe they did it after interrogation/misleading info
Central Park jogger (1998)
Teens confessed because they wanted to go home
Stephan Kiszko (1992)
Murder of 11 y/o; fear of police, social and emotional naivety
Stephen Downing (learning difficulties)
27 years in jail- signed murder confession after 16 hour questioning
