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YR3: Haematology > Interpreting blood results > Flashcards

Interpreting blood results Flashcards

1
Q

What can directly cause high haemoglobin?

A

Dehydration

Diuretic therapy

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2
Q

What can cause a secondarily high haemoglobin?

A

Anoxia: high altitude, hypoxic respiratory conditions, heavy cigarette smoking
Polycythaemia rubra vera

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3
Q

What causes a low or high haematocrit?

A

Low: Anaemia
High: Polycythaemia

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4
Q

How does mean corpuscular volume allow classification of anaemias?

A 
Low = microcytic
Normal = normocytic
High = macrocytic
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5
Q

What is seen when a patient has low mean corpuscular haemoglobin? Give 2 causes of this

A

Hypochromia

Iron-deficiency + haemoglobinopathies

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6
Q

What is the MCHC low and high in?

A

Low: iron deficiency or thalassaemia
High: spherocytosis or RBC agglutination

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7
Q

What is the red cell distribution width? What may cause this to be high?

A

measure of the variation in RBC size

iron deficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome + haemoglobinopathies

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of thrombocytosis? Give examples of each

A

Reactive (blood loss, infection, inflammation, post-splenectomy)
Autonomous (genetic abnormalities, malignancies)

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9
Q

List 10 causes of thrombocytopenia

A 
Drugs
Foods
Infections
Liver disease (hypersplenism)
Alcohol
Nutrient deficiency
Pregnancy
Bone marrow disorders
Inherited
Bleeding.
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10
Q

Give 6 causes of neutrophilia

A 
Bacterial infection
Steroids
Post-surgery
Burns
Vasculitis
Neoplasia
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11
Q

Give 4 causes of neutropenia

A

Infection
Drugs (chemo)
AI e.g. CTD
Hereditary

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12
Q

Give 3 types of lymphocytosis

A

Reactive (viral infection, stress)
Metabolic syndrome
Primary (malignancies)

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13
Q

Give 2 causes of lymphopenia

A

Drugs: steroids + immunosuppressive agents

AI disease

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14
Q

Give 4 causes of monocytosis

A

Chronic infection (TB, syphilis)
IBD
Carcinomas
Myeodysplastic syndromes

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15
Q

List 4 causes of eosinophilia

A

Allergy
Neoplastic
CTD
Parasitic infection

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16
Q

List 5 causes of basophilia

A 
Viral infection
Urticaria
Hypothyroidism
Post-splenectomy
UC
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17
Q

What can result from acute hyponatreamia?

A

Cerebral oedema

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18
Q

What are 4 causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia where sodium is lost through the kidneys?

A

Addison’s Disease
Diuretics
Kidney Injury
Osmotic diuresis

19
Q

What are 3 causes of hypovolaemic hyponatraemia where sodium is lost non- renally?

A

D+V
Burns
Fistula

20
Q

List 4 causes of euvolaemia which leave a picture of hyponatramia

A

SIADH
Hypothyroidism
Glucocorticoid insufficiency
Water intoxication

21
Q

What can cause hypervolaemia and apparent hyponatraemia?

A

CHF

Hypoalbuminaemia (Cirrhosis/ Nephrotic syndrome)

22
Q

List 3 causes of hypovolaemic hypernatraemia

A

Fluid loss (D+V, burns)
Diabetes insipidus
Osmotic diuresis

23
Q

Give 2 iatrogenic causes of euvolaemic hypernatraemia

A

Excess IV crystalloid

Sodium containing drugs

24
Q

List 6 causes of increased renal excretion causing hypokalaemia

A 
Loop + thiazide diuretics
Steroids
Cushings
Conns
Renal tubular acidosis 
Hypomagnesia
25
Q

List 3 causes of increased cellular uptake causing hypokalaemia

A

Salbutamol
Insulin
Alkalosis

26
Q

List 3 other causes of K+ loss resulting in hypokalaemia

A

Intestinal fluid loss
Burns
Malnutrition

27
Q

List 3 causes of decreased renal excretion causing hyperkalaemia

A

Acute/ Chronic kidney injury
Addisons
Drugs (K+ sparing diuretics, ACEi, NSAIDs)

28
Q

List 2 causes of increased cellular release causing hyperkalaemia

A

Acidosis

Tissue breakdown e.g. rhabdomyolysis

29
Q

What iatrogenic process can cause excess load of potassium?

A

Massive blood transfusion

30
Q

How is urea formed?

A

When ammonia is converted in the liver

Urea is excreted in the kidneys

31
Q

List 5 causes of raised urea

A 
Dehydration
GI bleed
Increased protein breakdown (surgery, trauma, infection, malignancy)
High protein intake
Drugs
32
Q

List 3 causes of low urea

A

Malnutrition
Liver disease
Pregnancy

33
Q

What are creatine levels specific for?

A

Kidney injury

34
Q

What does eGFR give an indication of?

A

Number of functioning nephrons in the kidney

35
Q

What is alanine transferase? What is it used for?

A

Cytosolic enzyme in liver cells

Marker to assess liver cell damage

36
Q

List 4 common causes of raised ALT

A

Alcohol
Viral hepatitis
Steatosis
Medications/ toxins e.g. NSAIDs, antibiotics, statins, anti epileptics, anti-TB

37
Q

List 4 less common causes of raised ALT

A

AI hepatitis
Haemochromatosis
A1 antitrypsin deficiency
Wilsons disease

38
Q

List 4 non hepatic causes of slightly raised ALT

A

Coeliac disease
Strenuous exercise
Muscle disease
Hypo-/Hyperthyroidism

39
Q

Where is aspartate aminotransferase expressed?

A 
Liver
Heart 
Skeletal muscle
Kidneys
Brain 
RBC's
40
Q

What does a AST:ALT ratio ≥ 2.1 suggest? What does a AST:ALT ratio <2.1 suggest?

A

> , 2.1: Alcohol related liver disease

< 2.1: Hepatic steatosis or chronic viral hepatitis.

41
Q

List 3 physiological causes of raised ALP

A

3rd trimester of Pregnancy
Adolescents (bone growth)
Benign familial

42
Q

List 7 pathological causes of raised ALP

A 
Bile duct obstruction
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Drug induced cholestasis e.g. anabolic steroids
Metastatic liver disease
Bone disease e.g. Paget's
Heart failure
43
Q

List 8 causes of raised GGT

A 
Hepatobiliary disease (often with other LFT abnormalities) 
Pancreatic disease 
Alcoholism 
COPD
Renal failure 
Diabetes 
Myocardial infarction 
Drugs, e.g. carbamazepine, phenytoin, barbiturates + OCP
44
Q

What should be tested to assess the livers functions?

A

Haem breakdown: Bilirubin
Plasma protein production: Albumin
Clotting factor production: PT/INR
Portal system: platelets (low in portal HTN due to splenic sequestration)

YR3: Haematology (19 decks)

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