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Psychology > Interpersonal Relationships > Flashcards

Interpersonal Relationships Flashcards

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0
Q

Evaluation refers to what?

A

Refers to a judgment being made about some specific aspect of our lives and the world in which we live.

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1
Q

What is an attitude?

A

An evaluation a person makes about an object, group, event or issue

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2
Q

How are attitudes learnt?

A

Though experience

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3
Q

What must happen for something to be called an attitude?

A

Must be relatively consistent and lasting for it to be called an attitude

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4
Q

What are the 3 parts in the tri- component model of attitudes?

A

Affective component, behavioural component and cognitive component

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5
Q

What is the affective component?

A

Refers to the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object, person, group, event or issue

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6
Q

What is the behavioural component?

A

Refers to the way in which an attitude is expressed through our actions.

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7
Q

What is the cognitive component?

A

Refers to the beliefs we have about an object, person, group, event or issue.

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8
Q

How is the cognitive component developed?

A

Develops as a result of our experience

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9
Q

What can the tri- component model of attitudes be referred to as?

A

ABCs of attitudes

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10
Q

True or false: the three components can be either consistent or inconsistent

A

True

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11
Q

What makes an attitude consistent?

A

All 3 components are in tandem to reflect an attitude.

Eg. You might avoid a spider (behavioural component) because you are scared of spiders (affective component) and believe spiders can harm you (cognitive component)

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12
Q

What makes an attitude inconsistent?

A

When only some components reflect an attitude. A person’s behaviour does not always reflect the attitude they hold.

Eg. A person may dislike watching cricket (affective component) because they believe it takes too long for a result (cognitive component), but they may choose to attend a match because their friends are going (behavioural component)

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13
Q

Inconsistency generally appears between an attitude and_______

A

An individuals actual behaviour

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14
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

If we are aware of inconsistencies within our attitudes, or when the way in which we actually behave is different from the way we believe we should behave, then we can experience psychological tension or discomfort

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15
Q

What is an example of cognitive dissonance in reference to smoking?

A

People smoke even though they are aware that smoking is bad

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16
Q

What are 3 ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

A
  1. Change behaviour to suit attitude.
  2. Reducing the importance we give to attitudes and behaviours
  3. Add a new element to the situation to support our belief in the attitude/ behaviour.
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17
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

A collection of beliefs that we have about the people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members in that group.

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18
Q

Stereotypes are often referred to as_____

A

Oversimplified images of people who belong to a particular group

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19
Q

What do stereotypes do to people?

A

They force people into small, distorted social ‘boxes’ which rob people of their individuality

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20
Q

Why are stereotypes often used?

A

To maintain control over others

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21
Q

What are 2 problems with stereotypes?

A
  1. Stereotypes can be inaccurate- often based on incorrect/ inadequate information.
  2. Can lead to stigma- those who are labelled associate a negative label with disapproval or rejection
22
Q

What does stigma lead to?

A

Leads to feelings such as shame, disgrace, low self- esteem and loss of self- confidence

23
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Refers to the positive or negative behaviour that is directed towards a social group and it’s members

24
Q

Name 4 examples of discrimination

A

Not giving goods and services;
Calling names;
Isolation (ie refugees);
Beating people up

25
Q

What is sexism?

A

An attitude that is a mixture of negative thoughts and stereotypes, and feelings of fear, envy or hostility, that results in discrimination based on gender.

26
Q

What is racism?

A

Refers to an attitude that is a mixture of negative thoughts and stereotypes, and feelings of fear, envy or hostility, that results in discrimination based on race.

27
Q

What is ageism?

A

An attitude that is a mixture of negative thoughts and stereotypes p, and feelings of fears envy or hostility, that results in discrimination based in age.

28
Q

Racism, sexism and ageism are all examples of what?

A

Discrimination

29
Q

Fill in the blanks:

Stereotyping can lead to _____, which can in turn lead to_____.

A

Prejudice; discrimination

30
Q

In the tri- component model, which component is prejudice?

A

Affective component

31
Q

In the tri- component model, which component is discrimination?

A

Behavioural component

32
Q

In the tri- component model, which component is stereotypes?

A

Cognitive component

33
Q

What influences prejudice?

A

Attitudes and learning processes, including repeated exposure

34
Q

What is intergroup conflict?

A

Occurs when members of different groups compete to achieve or control something that is wanted by the members of each group

35
Q

What is an example of intergroup conflict?

A

Jobs and housing; social status; positions of power; etc

36
Q

Give 2 ways of when attitudes develop

A

~Compete for sought- after resources that they do not have- negative attitudes toward those that have resources
~Acquire sought- after resources, they seek to maintain them- negative attitudes towards those who do not have them but want them.

37
Q

What do people tend to categorise themselves and others into which can in turn influence their attitudes towards the group members

A

Ingroups and outgroups

38
Q

What is an ingroup?

A

Any group that you belong to or identify with

39
Q

What are examples of ingroups?

A

Friendship groups; peer groups; school; religion; sex; race; culture; etc

40
Q

What do people believe about people in our ingroups?

A

Tend to believe that people belong inning to our ingroups have differences but are generally more like us.

41
Q

Are people in our ingroups viewed negatively or positively?

A

Positively

42
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

Any group you do not belong to

43
Q

How do people view people in outgroups?

A

Tend to consider people belonging to an outgroup to be less like us and more like us and more like each other.

44
Q

True or false: people aren’t prejudice towards members of outgroups.

A

False. Outgroups are more likely to view them negatively, and prejudice towards members of outgroups.

45
Q

What is sustained contact?

A

Direct contact between two groups.

46
Q

What are 2 factors that can help reduce prejudice?

A

Sustained contact and superordinate goals

47
Q

What is a superordinate goal?

A

A goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals which each group might have.

48
Q

What two things lead to a reevaluation of incorrect stereotypes?

A

Close and prolonged contact

49
Q

What is an important factor in reducing prejudice by superordinate goals?

A

The shared goal is achieved

50
Q

What is an observational study?

A

Watching and describing behaves that occurs

51
Q

What are the four ways of measuring attitudes?

A

Observational studies, interview, questionnaires and likert scale

52
Q

What is an interview?

A

A face- to- face discussion between a researcher and an individual for the purpose of obtaining detailed information.

53
Q

What is a questionnaire?

A

Written sets of questions

Psychology (3 decks)

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