Interoduction Of Physiology Till The AP L1-L5 Flashcards
What is the physology ?
Is sinces of body function
Without physiology medcine will be ?
Quackery ( quackery mean dishonset practice )
why physiology is hard and interesting ?
It is difficult because master it you should know the basics o
chemistry, physics, biology, anatomy and histology.
And it is interesting because you will see for the first time in your lives how those separate sciences you have been studying for many years;
All chemicals are compsed of ?
Particales
The structure of all substance is the same and incloulds ?
Atom , a molecule , a nucleus , electron , proton , neutron , ion
What is the atom ?
Its the smallest chemical partical of a substance , it consist of posativly chargeed neuclues and negativly charged electrons
Atomic nucleus is formed of ?
Proton which have postive charge , and neutrons which have no charge
The charge of magnitude of an atomic nuecleus ?
Is equal to the number of protons in an atom
The atom is electrically neutral
Yes
The number of the electoron in the atom equal ?
The number of proton in its nucleus
Ex: an oxgyn atom has 8 proton thus the charge magnitud of its atom its neucleus plus 8
What is the atom charge ?
Atom has no charge
what is the molecule ?
it is an electrically natural set for atom that form a definite structure using chimerical bond ex: water molecule
explain the charged particles
charged particles called ions can arise from electrically neutral atoms or molecule
explain how the positive charged ions form
its form if an atom or molecule if it loses one electron or more
and its called anions
EX; if potassium loses one electron its becomes K+
explain how negative charged ions form
its form if atom or molecule attached to electron and its called Cations
ex if florin attaches to electron its becomes F-
the proton is in the atomic nucleus is always ?
H + hydrogen plus = ionized hydrogen
explain the OH-group and H-group
- oh group[ always carry negative charge
- H -group is always carry positive charge
explain the idea of opposite charges
opposite charges attract each other therefore , ions with deferent
charges from a molecule
ex: suodium + and chlorein - = ketchin salt
ex2: soduim + and hydrocarbonate - = baking soda
explain the Acid :
Acid is sour bcs it has excess of protons
ex : hydrocloric acid one of the strongest acid and its part of the gastric Juies
H+ and Cl- = HCL
acidity of the medium is expressed by symbol ?
PH
what is the pH
PH its indicates the number of the protons the high PH its less acidity Ex: Gastic jueis =1.5-2.0 Ph slaiva = 7.0 blood = 7.37-7.47 pancreatic juies = 8.0
what is the most acidty in the body and the smallest ?
most is the gastric jueis = 1.5 - 2.00
smallest = pancreatic jiues = 8.0
when we consider the solution is acid
if its less 6.0
when we consider the solution is Basic
its its above the 6.0
acid and basics ?
are solutions nut they are antagonists
ac1d1ty of a solution affects not only of protons contents , but also the contents of any other substances which these pro o
may bind into atoms ( yes or no )
yes
anions. Roughly speaking, any an1on
attracts H+ ( yes or no )
yes
hydrogen does not have acidic properties
true or false
true
The ability to bind H is called ? and the substance that make it called ?
basic property
and substances that make it are
called “bases”
how dose the acidosis happened ?
That is hydrogen acidifies the medium (reduces
pH)
how dose the alkalosis happened ?
when the bases reduce acidity (pH increases)
what is The most basic properties
hydroxyl ions - OH-. When interacting with protons they give
water
explain alkaline action of hydroxyl anions ?
The alkaline action of hydroxyl anions is so strong tha an
01 gan1sm has specific mechanisms that facilitate conversation
of OH into HCQ3-. Hydrocarbonate ions bind protons loose
(but also possess basic properties):
what is the main source of the hydrocarbon anions in a body ?
molecules of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda NaHCO
and of
potassium bicarbonate (KHC0
3).
explain the «love» to exchange between acid and base
Acid and base «love» to exchange their ions.
ex : If in a
jar with water we add acid and salt (and bases ref r
to salts), then they will be constantly exchanging
their ions , substances will constantly pass into each other.
the same thing happened in the blood though such as solution called basic buffer
what is the basic buffer ?
its weak acid and salt
write the formula of the basic buffer
> > > >
what is the important properties ( function ) of the buffer
- maintaining blood Ph at the same level even if acid or base are added
ex : adding hydrochloric acid to our formula
hydrochloric acid creates an excess of protons , trying to overacidty of the medium
however excess of the protons combined with the hydrocarbonate anions
contained in the buffer and carbonic acid is formed which dissociate immediately
to water and carbon dioxide that’s is the excess of protons passed into the water by the buffer , and in the water hydrogen has not acid properties
Ex : when we eat a lot of lemon or Vinegar pH of
our blood will not change. In addition 1t
important to note that blood buffer is in close connection with kidneys and lungs actions. Kidneys and lungs also regulate blood pH in holistic organism.
kidneys excrete water , lungs - carbon dioxide all this shifts buffer balance to
decrease the number of the protons , therefore intensive breathing or urine formation develops an alkalosis
what is the buffer capacity ?
is The number of basic ions in the buffer
All substances are divided into ?
- organic substances : These
substances are called organic because all the cells and tissues of a
body consist of them. , also are those which have carbon in its structure (with
the exception of carbides, oxides of carbon and cyanides) - mineral (inorganic) ; All other substances are called inorganic, since
they existed from the very beginning of the universe, long before life
appeared
what is the electrical current and how it formed ?
electrical current : is one way movement of electrically charged particles in electric field
formed : if electrically charged particles of the body fall into an electric field they may get the ability to move all together in the same direction This creates
an electric current.
what is the Electric field properties:
- it always exists around a charged particle;
- invisibility;
- electric fields interact only with electric fields
- vector. that is it has a direction
- it can attract or repel electric particles
- its has the property concentration and
heterogeneity
explain the electoral field concept ?
the closer two charges , are the greater there electrical fields overlap
the stronger there are attracted to each other (if there charges were opposite ) or repelled from each other ( if there charges were similar )
what is the law explain the motion of the particles in the electrical field ?
its ohm's law I = U/R I = current intensity U= potential difference R= resistance
what is the current intensity
- current intensity : is muserd in amperes (A) its charactrasied the amount of charges passing though the conductor cross section per unite of the time
the more charges move by the conductor the greater the intensity of electrical currant
by simple way we could say
the current intensity is the electrical current
what is the nesscery condition for ohms law to work
its two
R= reactance
U = potential defiance
what is the conductor
is any substance that is able to conduct electricity
meaning it has free charges: electrons or protons or ions. The more
free charges the matter has, the better it
conducts current.
ex: water and metal a good conductors
–Metals conduct electricity well, there are a lot of free electrons, which
are constantly jumping from one atom to another.
–water a molecule of water is electracally neutral , the water molecule is dipole in one side it has H+ and the other side oH-
what is the dielectric ?
its any substance unable to conduct electricity
meaning it has no free charges , all particles sit on neutral atoms and molecule
ex / rubber or wood
explain why the dry air is good conductor of electricity
bcs it has a great resistance and that explain the dielectric properties
is the cells , tissue , organs , skin a good conductors ?
they consist of 60% water and skin is the good conductor especially
dry skin bcs its has a great resistance and that’s expressed the dielectric properties
what is the potential difference ?
is the difference of charges in electrical field .
any 2 charges create a potential difference between them ,
but if the have low magnitudes and situate at great distance from each other
the potential difference between them is negligible
another explanation / is can be giving by Voltage
voltage is the strength of an electric filed the higher its voltage is the greater is current intensity is the greater resistance of the conductor
what is the voltage
is the strength of an electric filed
and is another explanation of the potential difference
what conidiation are necessary to create an electric current ?
1- availability of the conductor
2 - presence of potential difference
can there be a conductor without an eclectic current ?
no , there is no electrical filled inside a conductor so no electrical current can flow through it
can there be a conductor without an eclectic current ?
no , there is no electrical filled inside a conductor so no electrical current can flow through it
can be there an electrical current without potential difference ?-
no
whiteout a potential difference electrical current cant flow bcs we know that’s an electrical current flows between two points due to the potential difference between them , thus as long as the potential difference there , the electrical current keep continue
can be there be potential difference without an electrical current >?
yes , can be voltage without a elcictracl current for instance if you have a singl charge that charge induces a voltage in space even if its empty voltage is most physical way is a scalar filed
can be there an electrical current whiteout a conductor ?
there is no electrical filed inside a conductor so no electrical current can flow though it
what is the normal physiology ?
its the since about heathy body function
what is the physiology ?
its the study about body function regulation
what is the regulation mean ?
its mean the mechanism or increasing or decreasing i the actively of tissue , organs , or organ system in order to achieve a certain result
what’s the physiologist interested in ?
they are interested in
1- mechanism of body function regulation
ex / how the muscles are contract or how gastric juies is secrets , or ow urin formation happened
2- with what a propose of regulatory process take place
ex/ what for stimulations of cardiac activity happens in stressful situation
and what about breathing decreasing at rest time
what is the function of the hemostats miniating
its to hold the internal environment in the holistic organism
explain the concept of homeostasis
the concept of hemostasis or to be more precisely
dynamic homeostasis its relative dynamic constancy of the internal environment
and of some physiological function of humane body and animals
ex for these function / blood circulation , metabolism thermoregulation .
what is the homeostasis parameters
its individual process each of which can be charectrazid by its own
ex / blood PH , calcium concentration in interstitial fluid or blood
glycose level
what is the homeostasis ?
is set of response that ensure maintaining constancy of the internal environment of the body , in condition of ever changing states of external environment
ex for homeostasis /
even if the body in cold the temperature should remine 36.6 C
what is the homeostatic constants may flucatet
that’s is change their value in different condition at different kind of influence
, by the impact of external environment
ex / you ate a lot of sugar , glycose concentration in the blood increased
,ex2 / you start running the respiratory rate increased
what is the homeostatic indices ?
its the make of rigid and non-rigid
what is the rigid ?
its Constance capable of changing their value within small limits
ex / blood PH 7.35 -7.43
what is the non-rigid ?
its Constance capable of changing their value about half or even serval times
Ex / glycose in the blood 3.3 -6.6
mechanism of maintaining homeostasis ( types )
its two type
- 1- humoral regulation
- 2- nervous regulation
what is the humoral regulation ?
is regulation by secretion of substance into the body fluid mediums ( blood , lymph, interstitial fluid
ex /adrenalin though the blood stimulate heart activity
what is the nervous regulation ?
its carried out though central nervous system which implements the reflexes
ex of reflexes / arm withdrawal upon finger prick
head turning towered upon light
what is the function of excitable tissue ?
is the basic concept of physiology
how the two main mechanism of homeostasis being implemented ?
the meachanims is nervous and humoral
they are implemented through of so-called excitable tissue
the exitance of the excitable tissue was first described by >?
glavani and mattucce
classification of tissue by physiologist
1- excitable tissue
2- irritated tissue
DF of irritability
is the ability to respond to irritation ( or exaction sensation )
under irritability physiologist understand the ability of cell , tissue , organ to respond somehow to irritation
DF of excitability
is the ability to react to irritation ( or exaction )
excitability is meant a highly specific kind of irritability associated with the ability of cell or tissue to generate action potential (AP)
irritability is non-specific notion
ex for this
you hit the subcutaneous fat then the hematoma can form bruise in the area of hematoma in all cell metabolic reaction somehow change
irritability is non-specific notion
ex for this
you hit the subcutaneous fat then the hematoma can form bruise in the area of hematoma in all cell metabolic reaction somehow change
all cell body are ( irritable or excitable ) ?
and why
irritable
bcs its can change their metabolism
what are the tissue in the body can generate AP ?
1 glandular
2 macular
3 nervous
what glandular tissue mean in histology and physiology ?
- –in histological point its mean the epithelial cells all epithelial cells are belong to irritable tissue
- – in physiological point its mean secretory cells , secretory cells ( glandulocytes ) are not only irritable but also excitable bcs they generate AP
what is the rest potential RP ? and how its formed ?
its membrane potential of excitable tissue in a condition of rest
its formed when sodium channel closed and potassium open and cl- open
in the absence of action , potassium and sodium pump’s function , its pumps out the sodium from the cell and pumps the potassium into the cell , for every 3 ions of the sodium pumps the 2 ions of potassium are pumped as result the concentration of the potassium in the cell 30 time greater then extracellular environment
what is the gradient ?
gradient from Latin is walking or growing
its vector indicating the direction of some parameter increasing
types of gradient and the type of there passive transport
1 - concantration _____ diffusion
2- electrasic _______ diffusion
3- hydrostic ______ filtration
4- osmosis _____ osmotic
DF of pumps and function
Pump's conduct ions actively with energy consumption of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) pumps pass ions actively from a solution where is few of them into solution where a lot of them
how dose resting potential arise ?
all cells both irritable and excitable have a membrane difference of optional
( electrical charges) this property is common between irritable and excitable tissue called RP
how action potinal arise ?
AP occur when the membrane potinale is of specific cells location rapidly rises and falls , this is depolarization then courses adjacent location to similar depolarization and occur in serval types of animal cells called excitable cells which incloud , neurons cells , macular cells , endocrine cells
explain the AP (all of it)
1- all the cell irritable and excitable have membrane potential similar to RP
in irritable tissue under normal condition membrane potential doesn’t change in any cases , but excitable tissues under some condition they change their potential .
2- changes in RP leading to AP generation , one of the main condition of AP generation is action of irritant in holistic organism irritant is work from outside the cell , irritation from an external is the triggering moment of generation of AP
3- under the action of exterior irritant the condition of channels and pump’s changes depolarizations start by opened of sodium +channel sodium ( and potassium pumps and sodium pumps is closed )start to enter the cell bringing positive charges with it , then RP membrane changes to opposite this is the first phase , and depolarization is passive process bcs pumps are closed
when depolarization takes a place cells perfumes its specific function
muscles contracts , glandular cells secrets their secretory products , neurons generates and conduct impulses .
4- then what happened for example in depolarization the muscles contract its should be return to rest and that’s what its called Repolarization .
in repolarization phase the pump’s K+ and Na+ are open , and its pump’s the sodium out fast which entered the cell in the depolarization , and they intensively pump’s the potassium in for potassium in the cell is not to much all K+ channels are open through them a lot of potassium goes back to outer surface
and the 3rd phase take place which is hyperpolarization
5- if excess positive charge outside the cell formed that’s mean negative charge in side the cell formed , this exsseceviness called hyperpolarization
then the cell returned to RP
why membrane potinale called that way ?
what (De) , ( hyper ) , ( Re ) mean ?
its name that's derived from Latin polarization its mean ( electric charge ) the prefix ( De ) its mean absents , cancelation , elimination the prefix ( Re) its mean renewal repolarization mean , its renewal the charge to rest the prefix ( hyper ) its mean excess of hyperpolarization mean , excess of charge
what is RP ?
its membrane charge at rest
what is AP ?
its membrane potential in response to irritation
what is the the parts ( or phases ) of AP
1 - Depolarization
2- repolarization
3 - hyperpolarization
what is the depolarization in short way ?
its positive charge entering the cell
what is the repolarization in short way ?
its retraining of the membrane potential to resting potential
what is the hyperpolarization in short way ?
acclamation of excess positive charge on the outer surface of a membrane potinale due the K+
