Internet of Things

Question 1

what is IoT?

Answer 1

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated
computing devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals or people that are provided with unique
identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-tocomputer interaction.

Question 2

IoT architectures

Answer 2

IoT Cloud Architecture
IoT Edge Architecture
IoT Fog Architecture

Question 3

IoT Cloud Architecture

Answer 3

Wired or wireless connection of sensors and actuators to gateway
* Sensor data forwarded to IoT platform in the Cloud

Question 4

Edge Computing

Answer 4

Computation and data shifted to computers
at the edge of the network.
* Extends the centralized cloud model into a
distributed model.
Specific applications in a fixed location

Question 5

IoT Fog Architecture

Answer 5

• Extension of edge computing: use of
  coupled edge systems for adaptivity
• Replacement of cloud with edge: distributed
  location-aware shared infrastructure

Question 6

Fog Computing Essential Characteristics

Answer 6

Geographical distribution

• Contextual location awareness and low latency (fog nodes aware of their location)
• Geographical distribution
• Heterogeneity
• Interoperability and federation
• Real-time interactions
• Scalability and agility of federated, fog node clusters

Question 7

Fog Computing Service Model

Answer 7

• Software as a Service
  The capability provided to the fog service customer is to use the fog provider’s
  applications running on a cluster of federated fog nodes managed by the provider.
• Platform as a Service
  Provides a platform on top of federated fog nodes for customer-provided
  applications.
• Infrastructure as a Service
  Provides fundamental compute resources to the customer.

Question 8

Fog Node Deployment Model

Answer 8

• Private fog node
  Provisioned for exclusive use by a single organization
• Community fog node
  Provisioned for the exclusive use of a specific community of consumers
• Public fog node
  Provisioned for open use by the general public
• Hybrid fog node
  Composition of two or more distinct (private, community, or public) fog nodes.

Question 9

Low Power Wide Area Networks

Answer 9

Connect sensors over long distance
Enable long lifetime of battery powered sensor devices

Question 10

LoRaWAN

Answer 10

Long Range Wide Area Network
Low power wireless communication technique for long distances
* Media Access Control (MAC) protocol for wide area networks
* Defined by the LoRa Alliance

Question 11

Explain the role of different networks in an IoT architecture. Include IoT Networks and Sensor Networks as well

Answer 11

In an IoT architecture, sensor and actuators are connect to an IoT platform that typically resides in a Cloud. IoT Networks, like LORA are used to connect a sensor to a gateway which is itself connect to the Internet and forwards data to the IoT platform and control command form the platform to the actuators. Sensor Networks are used to extend the coverage of the gateways by forming a network between the sensors via which the sensors can reach the gateway although they have no direct access.

Question 12

The Things Network

Answer 12

• The Things Network is about enabling low power devices
• It takes care of receiving messages from the devices,
  ensuring integrity and security, and forwarding the payload.

Question 13

Functionality of IoT Platforms

Answer 13

• Device management
• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Device control
• User management

Question 14

AWS Greengrass

Answer 14

• Extension of AWS IoT to the edge:
  Enable local preprocessing of data including execution of machine learning models

Question 15

Opensource IoT platforms

Answer 15

ThingsBoard
Mainflux