international week 1 Flashcards
What is international law?
International law is the totality of legal rules concerning the (sovereign) relations amongst States, international organizations and other subjects of international law, including the rights and duties of individuals that are relevant to the international community (or part thereof).
Some features of international law
- Sovereign equality of States, Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
- little organization (e.g. no universal executive, parliament, court or police)
- Legal practice (consent) matters for understanding the law
- Universal character in tension with legal cultural differences
Actors
any individual, body or entity that has an impact on international relations
Subjects
an individual, body or entity possessing international rights and duties, and
have the capacity to engage in types of action
Capabilities of subjects varies
Reparations Advisory Opinion, ICJ (1949), 179:
Legal subjects “are not necessarily identical in their nature or in the extent of their rights, and their nature depends upon the needs of the community
Full international legal personality
States are primary subjects; wat inhoudt dat een entiteit bepaalde rechten en plichten heeft en de mogelijkheid heeft om deel te nemen aan bepaalde activiteiten zoals het sluiten van verdragen en deelnemen aan internationale organisaties. Hier hoeven zijn niets voor te doen.
Partial legal personality
secondary subjects; international organizations, individuals, multi-national corporations, insurgents etc,; via internationaal recht in het leven zijn geroepen
States eisen
Montevideo Convention (1933),
a) a permanent population;
b) a defined territory;
c) government; and
d) capacity to enter into relations with other states
Sources of international law
Statute of the International Court of Justice (1945);
‘1. The Court…shall apply:
a. international conventions (treaties);
b. international custom law;
c. the general principles of law;
d. …judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists…as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.’
- Not a source of international law, but evidence.
Treaties
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969);
“Treaty” means an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation
Law-making treaties
streven naar een universele ratificatie door zoveel mogelijk Staten.
treaty-contracts
verdragen tussen twee of enkele Staten over kleinere onderwerpen zoals rivierbeheer.
Declaratory theory
the existence of a state depends on whether the four criteria of statehood are satisfied; Montevideo Convention. In het internationaal recht is dit leidend (UNGA Resolution 3314)
Constitutive theory
the act of recognition by other states confers international legal personality
Internal self-determination
internal autonomy within a framework of an existing state, everyone has this right; granted to indigenous people (United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) and (possibly) other cultural minority groups