international week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is international law?

A

International law is the totality of legal rules concerning the (sovereign) relations amongst States, international organizations and other subjects of international law, including the rights and duties of individuals that are relevant to the international community (or part thereof).

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2
Q

Some features of international law

A

- Sovereign equality of States, Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

  • little organization (e.g. no universal executive, parliament, court or police)
  • Legal practice (consent) matters for understanding the law
  • Universal character in tension with legal cultural differences
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3
Q

Actors

A

any individual, body or entity that has an impact on international relations

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4
Q

Subjects

A

an individual, body or entity possessing international rights and duties, and
have the capacity to engage in types of action

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5
Q

Capabilities of subjects varies

A

Reparations Advisory Opinion, ICJ (1949), 179:
Legal subjects “are not necessarily identical in their nature or in the extent of their rights, and their nature depends upon the needs of the community

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6
Q

Full international legal personality

A

States are primary subjects; wat inhoudt dat een entiteit bepaalde rechten en plichten heeft en de mogelijkheid heeft om deel te nemen aan bepaalde activiteiten zoals het sluiten van verdragen en deelnemen aan internationale organisaties. Hier hoeven zijn niets voor te doen.

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7
Q

Partial legal personality

A

secondary subjects; international organizations, individuals, multi-national corporations, insurgents etc,; via internationaal recht in het leven zijn geroepen

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8
Q

States eisen

A

Montevideo Convention (1933),
a) a permanent population;
b) a defined territory;
c) government; and
d) capacity to enter into relations with other states

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9
Q

Sources of international law

A

Statute of the International Court of Justice (1945);
‘1. The Court…shall apply:
a. international conventions (treaties);
b. international custom law;
c. the general principles of law;
d. …judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists…as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.’
- Not a source of international law, but evidence.

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10
Q

Treaties

A

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969);
“Treaty” means an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation

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11
Q

Law-making treaties

A

streven naar een universele ratificatie door zoveel mogelijk Staten.

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12
Q

treaty-contracts

A

verdragen tussen twee of enkele Staten over kleinere onderwerpen zoals rivierbeheer.

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13
Q

Declaratory theory

A

the existence of a state depends on whether the four criteria of statehood are satisfied; Montevideo Convention. In het internationaal recht is dit leidend (UNGA Resolution 3314)

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14
Q

Constitutive theory

A

the act of recognition by other states confers international legal personality

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15
Q

Internal self-determination

A

internal autonomy within a framework of an existing state, everyone has this right; granted to indigenous people (United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) and (possibly) other cultural minority groups

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16
Q

External self-determination

A

leads to independence;
granted to colonized territories.
- ICJ Advisory Opinion on Kosovo; there is no right to declare independence unilaterally. but IL doesn’t preclude from using = not prohibited

17
Q

when statehood required

A
  • Het recht op soevereine gelijkheid
  • Exclusieve jurisdictie over het eigen grondgebied
  • De verplichting om niet in te grijpen in de zaken van een andere Staat
  • De verplichting om je te weerhouden van de dreiging of het gebruik van geweld.
  • Het tekenen van verdragen
  • Een lid kunnen worden van een internationale organisatie
  • Inwoners kunnen een claim neerleggen bij een internationaal gerechtshof.
18
Q

Customary law

A
  1. Opinio juris (de overtuiging, belief, aan dat een bepaalde gedraging verplicht is)
  2. State Practice
    - grote groep Staten steeds dezelfde internationale handeling toepast
    Consequence? Binding upon all States
    Unless: persistent objector
    Exception: jus cogens/peremptory norm
19
Q

Treaties and custom

A
  • Can be the same or different on a particular issue
  • Where possible, interpret treaties in harmony with custom (Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties) (Systemic integration)
  • Avoids fragmentation and respects assumption that States would not consent to contradictory laws
20
Q

General principles of law

A

Legal principles existing in national legal systems that are so generally recognized that their existence under international law must be assumed
- Useful for deciding cases that could not otherwise be decided

21
Q

Jus Cogens

A

Een regel is van zo’n fundamenteel belang dat er geen uitzonderings- mogelijkheden zijn.

22
Q

Lex specialis

A

als je twee verdragen hebt waarvan de een meer algemeen is en de ander specifiek, dan gaat het specifieke verdrag voor.

23
Q

Lex posterior

A

De wet die later komt, gaat voor eerdere wetgeving over hetzelfde onderwerp

24
Q

Crystallization

A

Een verdrag wordt Customary Law. Dit gebeurt vaak pas na verloop van tijd

25
Q

Codification

A

Customary Law wordt omgezet naar een verdrag. Zo kan het voorkopen dat voor een bepaald onderwerp de Customary Law en het verdrag identiek zijn.