International Migration EQ2 Flashcards
What is migration?
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another either within or across a country’s boarders
What is a global hub?
A settlement or rigid that has become a focal point for activities with a global influence such as trade, business, international governance or education and research
Who are elite international migrants?
-Highly skilled/ socially influential people, wealthy due to their profession or by inheriting assets
-encounter few obstacles moving between countries as governments welcome highly skilled migrants
Who are low waged international migrants?
-drawn toward global hubs in large number
-e.g. London and Dubai are home to large number of legal and illegal migrants working for low pay in kitchens construction sites or as cleaners
How does international migration make country’s interdependent?
-Over time, international migration makes places interdependent.
Each country depends on the economic health of the other for it’s own continued well-being.
-Economic dependency may develop i.e. UK dependent on Eastern Europe for labour, they are dependent on us for remittances. Social and political ties can also develop i.e. UK and India
What is the host region in terms of international migration?
The country that receives migrant e.g. if migrants travel from India to the UAE, the UAE is the host region
What is the source region in terms of international migration?
-the country that people migrate from e.g. if people move from India to the UAE, India is the source country
What are some push/pull factors for elite migration to the Uk from Russia?
-Uk tax loopholes allow wealthy Russians to claim they are domiciled abroad meaning the can benefit from lower tax and make more profit in order to invest in business and increase capital
-London offers top-tier education with 30% of Russians buying property in the Uk doing so their chidren the education
What are costs of elite migration from Russia to the uk on the host country (The Uk)?
Elite:
-there have been increased house prices as a result of the influx of high earning Russians particularly in affluent areas like London making it difficult for British citizens to afford home pushing properties out of reach (creates sustain and social tensions, overcowding)
-could lead to over reliance on investments from Russian oligarchs leading to a loss of tex revenue if the oligarchs decided to move their assets to cities with more favourable tax rates like Dubai undermining the ling term sustainability the uk economy (impact services)
What are the benefits of migration from Russia to the uk on the host country (The Uk)?
-Russian migrants account for 8.3% of students in uk private’s schools contributing fees of up to £60million in fees. (Enables schools to invest in facilities offer scholarships and maintain high quality standards boosting the UK’s position as leader in global education)
-4% of penthouse buyers in prime locations are Russian (more tax as they pay stamp duty lad tax on properties, encourages them to spend in the local area supporting businesses)
What are the benefits of russia to uk migration on the source country (Russia)?
-London is a main source of foreign capital for Russian firms with 28
Russian firms with a market value of £260b are listed on London stock exchange. (Access to international investors allows Russian firms to raise substantial funds, which can be reinvested into the Russian economy for growth and development.)
What are the costs of migration from Russia to the uk in the source country?
-Since the invasion of Ukraine, the UK has placed economic sanctions on Russian Oligarchs; freezing their assets.
-This would mean they cannot make changes to their properties or make profits from them.
-Since they cannot withdraw profits, Russian businesses and wealthy individuals lose the ability to reinvest these funds in their own economy or new ventures.
What are some push/pull factor for low wage Indians migrating to the UAE?
-low skilled jobs in construction allowing them more opportunities to gain an income
-escape poverty at home: 22% of India’s population lives below poverty line in 2019
-UAE have manual labour shortages due to the fact they have a small population
What are the benefits of low wage Indians migrating to the UAE for the host country (UAE)?
-this migration has supported economic diversification in the UAE particularly in sectors like real estate and tourism as many migrants have manual jobs building infrastructure needed to support these industries such as constructing transport facilities had high end hotels»_space;this has allowed the UAE to quickly expand beyond its oil based economy creating jobs and services that cater to global demand
-Indian people have contributed to UAE as unskilled labourer’s service sector workers»_space; this stimulates economic growth by filling gaps in industries that rely heavily on manual labour. This can contribute to GDP growth and job creation in other sectors of the economy.
What are the costs of low wage Indians migrating to the UAE for the host country (UAE)?
-Many Indian workers in the UAE, particularly in construction and domestic work, have faced exploitation, low wages, and poor living conditions. This has led to stereotypes of UAE employers as exploitative and indifferent to workers’ rights. These negative perceptions can harm the reputation of UAE employers globally and may deter skilled workers from seeking employment there.» lack of human capital and hinders them from gaining a more skilled workforce
-$13billion dollars in remittances sent home (less spent on services that could be reinvested in the UAE)
What are the benefits of low wage Indians migrating to the UAE for the source country (India)?
-remittances are often sent home which can provide vital financial support for finalises and local economies e.g. Kerala, Indium’s receives round 60% of India’: remittance door from Dubai making it the largest beneficiary (can help support local economy in India and improve quality of life)
-15-20% of Indians in UAE are professionally qualified
What are the costs of low wage Indians migrating to the UAE for the source country (India)?
-many of them are on temporary visas leaving them at risk of deportation and financial security once their contract ends. This means workers are less likely to invest in long term opportunities for skills development leasing to a loss of valuable human capital as workers return without skills or savings» loss of labour force in India and no long term economic benefit
-many Indian worker face exploitation with no strong labour laws to protects them, many are underpaid, denied food and forced to work up to 22hours a day without adequate compensation
