Causes of Globalisation EQ1 Flashcards
What are two ways that improvements in transport have accelerated?
- the development of transport and containerisation (the use of large containers to transport goods across the world) which has dramatically improved the efficiency of shipping commodities across vast distances
-improved air travel and aircraft technology
What is an example of containerisation and how has it accelerated globalisation?
-the majority of goods now arrive from Asia in containers which can be easily transported then distributed globally
-this method streamlines the process of moving large quantities of products making global trade more cost effective and efficient
-as a result the exchange of goods between continents has increased despite physical distance contributing to the idea of time space compression
What are some limitations of containerisation in terms of of its contribution to globalisation?
-protectionist policies like tariffs can slow down its role in globalisation
-e.g. in 2018 U.S president Donald Trump announced a 25% tariff on steel imports in an attempt to protect domestic industries
-this can hinder international trade deterring LICs like the DRC who struggle to compete due to a lack of capital from fully participating in global markets limiting their ability to benefit from globalisation
What is an example of improved air craft and how has it accelerated globalisation?
-A key example is how easy jet have pioneered low cost, no frills, mass air travel e.g. airbus A380 can carry 550 people allowing budget conscious travellers to access destinations they may not have otherwise afforded
-this mass movement of people across boarders facilitates greater cultural exchange, international business opportunities and tourism, all of which are essential aspects of globalisation
What other evidence is there that improved aircraft has accelerated globalisation?
-the idea is compounded by the fact that the aviation industry contributes around 3.5 trillion dollars to global GDP and supports 87.7 million jobs worldwide
-this shows that improved aircraft not only makes travel more accessible but also serves as a major driver of economic globalisation as it links markets, supports industry and created jobs worldwide
What are two ways that improved ICT and global communications have accelerated globalisation?
-the development of ICT, particularly telegraph cables, which has enabled instantaneous communication across continents
-the rapid advancement of mobile technology, which has enabled instant communication and economic participation worldwide.
How have the development of telegraph cables accelerated globalisation?(4)
-the introduction of transatlantic telegraph cables replaced three-week boat journeys for message delivery with near-instant communication, allowing businesses and governments to coordinate across vast distances more effectively.
-This rapid advancement in telecommunications has spurred the growth of TNCs, allowing them to set up call centres and operational branches worldwide
-For example, British Telecom (BT) manages customer service centres in India and the Philippines, significantly cutting operational costs while maintaining global service standards. -This connectivity also enables TNCs to outsource production and services to countries previously excluded from globalisation, like Vietnam and Bangladesh, where the manufacturing sector has grown by about 15% annually over the past decade due to foreign investment.
What are some limitations of ICT development and telegraph cables in terms of their contribution to globalisation?
-the benefits of ICT are not universally accessible; as of 2021, around 2.9 billion people (about 37% of the global population) still lacked internet access, primarily in low-income countries.
-This digital divide hampers economic participation for many developing nations, limiting their ability to attract foreign investment and benefit from global supply chains.
How has the rapid advancement of mobile technology accelerated globalisation?
-countries like Kenya and India have used mobile technology to establish digital banking services like M-Pesa and Paytm, bringing financial inclusion to millions who previously lacked access to traditional banking.
-This progress has allowed many nations, especially in Africa and Asia, to “leapfrog” older forms of infrastructure, opening access to global markets and investment opportunities and accelerating globalisation by integrating previously excluded economies.
What other evidence is there to prove that mobile technology has accelerated globalisation?(3)
-According to the World Bank, over 1.7 billion people gained access to financial services between 2011 and 2017, largely due to mobile technology.
-Mobile connectivity has effectively bridged gaps in traditional banking infrastructure, enabling millions to join the formal economy.
-As mobile technology continues to spread, it not only connects individuals to financial services but also fosters e-commerce, education, and healthcare advancements, driving deeper economic and social integration globally
